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Understanding Secularism, Class – 8(Social science), solved exercises

B. Match the option that matches Column A with Column B

So the matches are:
1. Strategy of non-interference → (iii) Sikhs are allowed to wear Pagri.

2. Strategy of intervention → (ii) Untouchability is abolished.

3. Intervention in the form of support → (iv) Provide financial aid to religious groups.

4. Strategy of separating religion from State → (i) No religious festivals are celebrated in government schools.

C. State True or False
1. That no one should be discriminated on grounds of their religious practices and beliefs is the essence of secularism. — True

2. America is not a secular State. — False

3. Secularism is important for a country to function democratically. — True

4. Any form of domination based on religion may violate the Fundamental Rights of a citizen. — True

5. Indian secularism cannot intervene in religious affairs of the citizens in any circumstances. — False

II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. Why is it essential for a democratic country to be secular? Explain.

Answer:
A secular country treats all religions equally. It protects the Fundamental Rights of citizens, prevents religious discrimination, and ensures equality, peace, and unity.

2. What do you mean by Indian secularism?

Answer:
Indian secularism means the State has no official religion, treats all religions equally, and may intervene in religious matters to protect equality and justice.

3. A secular State can achieve its objectives by ensuring certain elements. Explain these elements.

Answer:
(i) Equal respect for all religions.
(ii) Freedom to follow any religion or no religion.
(iii) No discrimination on religious grounds.
(iv) Government intervention to protect Fundamental Rights when necessary.

4. Indian secularism is similar to that of other democratic countries of the world. Justify this statement.

Answer:
Like other democracies, India protects religious freedom, treats all religions equally, and ensures that citizens are not discriminated against because of their religion.

III. Long Answer Type Questions
1. How do you think the government can intervene if a religious group says that their religion allows them to practise foeticide? Explain.

Answer:
The government should stop such a practice because it violates the law and the Fundamental Right to life. It can punish offenders, spread awareness, and ensure that harmful religious practices are not allowed.

2. Why is it important to separate religion from the State?

Answer:
(i) To ensure equal treatment of all religions.
(ii) To prevent religious discrimination.
(iii) To protect Fundamental Rights.
(iv) To maintain peace, harmony, and national unity.

3. What does India do to prevent religious domination? Explain.

Answer:
India prevents religious domination by:
(i) Treating all religions equally.
(ii) Giving freedom to practise any religion.
(iii) Banning discrimination on religious grounds.
(iv) Allowing government intervention to protect equality and justice.

4. In what ways is Indian secularism different from that of other democratic countries of the world? Explain.

Answer:
In many countries, there is a strict separation between religion and the State. In India, the State respects all religions and may intervene in religious matters to end social evils like untouchability and protect citizens’ rights.

IV. Picture Study

1. What can you infer from the given picture?

Answer:
The picture shows people of different religions living together in peace and harmony, reflecting India’s secular nature.

2. Define secularism.

Answer:
Secularism is the principle that the State treats all religions equally and does not favour any religion.

3. Give three ways how our country ensures secularism.

Answer:
(i) Equal respect for all religions.
(ii) Freedom to practise any religion.
(iii) No discrimination on the basis of religion.

4. Analyse why it is important to separate religion from the State.

Answer:
It ensures equality, protects Fundamental Rights, prevents religious conflicts, and maintains unity among citizens.

5. Give two instances to show how you have experienced secularism in our country.

Answer:
(i) Students of different religions study together in the same school.
(ii) People celebrate festivals like Diwali, Eid, Christmas, and Gurpurab together with mutual respect.

The Land of Dense Forests, class – 5, Social Studies, Chapter – 4, solved exercises

A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
1. It passes through the northern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Answer: (c) Equator
2. River Zaire is also known as the river
Answer: (d) Congo
3. Which of the following is the main food crop of Congo?
Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b) (Banana and Cassava)
4. It is used in the fabrication of electronic components in computers and mobile phones.
Answer: (c) Tantalum

B. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Name the countries lying in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Answer: Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania are the countries lying in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

2. What is the capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo?
Answer: Kinshasa is the capital of Democratic Republic of Congo.

3. Which term is used for the thick grasslands of Africa?
Answer: Savanna is used for the thick grasslands of Africa.

4. Name any two national parks of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Answer: Virunga National Park and Garamba National Park.

5. Name the tribes of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Answer: Pygmies and Bantu.

C. Short Answer Type Questions
1. Give a short account of the wildlife of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Answer: The D.R. Congo has rich wildlife. It is home to gorillas, chimpanzees, elephants, okapis, lions, leopards, crocodiles and many birds. Many animals are protected in national parks.

2. What do you know about the industries and transport of the Democratic Republic of Congo?
Answer: Mining is the main industry. Copper, cobalt, gold, diamonds and tantalum are mined. Rivers, roads and railways are used for transport, and Matadi is the main port.

3. What are the significances of the River Zaire?
Answer: It provides water, transport, hydroelectric power, fishing and fertile land for farming.

4. What is the lifestyle of Pygmies?
Answer: Pygmies live in forests. They depend on hunting, fishing and gathering forest products. They live in simple huts.

5. Christianity is followed by about 80% of the population of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Explain the statement.
Answer: Christianity spread through the work of missionaries during the colonial period. Today, about 80% of the people follow Christianity.

D. Fill in the Blanks
1. Zambia is located towards the south of Congo.

2. The capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo is kinshasa.

3. Matadi is the main port of the country.

4. The Pygmies live in the forest part of the country.

5. River Congo (Zaire) is the main river in the Congo region.

E. Match the Following
List I
List II
(i) Kinshasa
(c) Capital of the Congo
(ii) Matadi
(d) Important port
(iii) Cassava
(a) Main food crop
(iv) Pygmies
(e) Primitive tribe
(v) Bantu
(b) Language of the Congolese

When People Rebel : 1857 and After, Chapter – 5, Subject – History (class – 8), solved exercises

Important words

1. Patriotism – Love and devotion for one’s country.
2. Import Duties – Tax charged on goods brought into a country.
3. Sovereign – Having complete independence and power.
4. Publicist – A person who spreads ideas through writing or speaking.
5. Moderates – Congress leaders who believed in peaceful methods like petitions.
6. Extremists – Leaders who believed in strikes, boycotts, and protests.
7. Repeal – To officially cancel a law.
8. Satyagraha – A non-violent movement based on truth and peace.
9. Swadeshi – Goods made in one’s own country.
10. Boycott – Refusing to buy, use, or take part in something.
11. Mahant – A religious head of a Gurudwara.
12. Knighthood – An honour given by the British Crown.
13. Picket – To stop people from entering a shop or place.
14. Monopoly – Complete control over something.
15. Federation – A system where powers are shared between different levels of government.
16. Provincial Autonomy – Freedom given to provinces to make some of their own decisions.
17. General Constituencies – Election areas with no reservation for any community.

I. Objective Type Questions
A. Choose the correct answer

1. The Vellore Mutiny occurred in
(b) 1824

2. The ‘First War of Indian Independence ‘ was the
(c) Revolt of 1857

3. The adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II was
(d) Bahkt Khan

4. Birjis Qadir was declared the Nawab of
(d) Awadh

5.Sir Hugh Rose succeeded in recapturing
(b) Kanpur

6. The Indian Civil Service Act was passed in
(d) 1861

7. The immediate cause of the Revolt was
(d) Enfield Rifle

B. Match the Columns
Delhi → (iv) Bahadur Shah Zafar
Jhansi → (v) Rani Lakshmi Bai
Lucknow → (i) Begum Hazrat Mahal
Arrah → (ii) Kunwar Singh
Kanpur → (iii) Nana Saheb

C. State True or False

1. The British denied pension to Nana Saheb.
False

2. The Thugs mainly lived by plunder.
True

3. Indian handicrafts flourished under the British.
False

4. High posts in civil and military were reserved for the Indians.
True

5. The missionaries attempted to convert Indians to Christianity.
True

D. Assertion and Reason
(d) Assertion is false, but Reason is true.
(c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
(a) Both are true, and Reason correctly explains the Assertion.
(b) Both are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation.

II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. Why did the Muslims revolt against the British?

Answer:
The Muslims revolted because the British ended Mughal rule, reduced their political power, and interfered in their religious and social matters.

2. List two economic causes of the Revolt of 1857.

Answer:
(i) Heavy land revenue and taxes.
(ii) Destruction of Indian industries and handicrafts.

3. What events took place in Awadh?

Answer:
Awadh was annexed by the British in 1856. During the revolt, Begum Hazrat Mahal led the rebellion against the British.

4. How did the British succeed in suppressing the revolt?

Answer:
The British had better weapons, strong leadership, support from loyal rulers, and better communication and transport.

5. List the main features of the Government of India Act, 1858.

Answer:

The main features of the Government of India Act are as follows:
(i) Company rule ended.
(ii) India came under the British Crown.
(iii) A Secretary of State for India was appointed.
(iv) The Governor-General became the Viceroy of India.

III. Long Answer Type Questions
1. Describe the military causes of the Revolt of 1857.

Answer:
(i) Low pay and discrimination against Indian soldiers.
(ii) No promotions to higher ranks.
(iii) General Service Enlistment Act caused dissatisfaction.
(iv) Introduction of the Enfield Rifle with greased cartridges hurt religious feelings.

2. What was the sepoys’ resentment against the Enfield Rifle? How was it responsible for the revolt?

Answer:

Answer: The cartridges of the Enfield Rifle were believed to be greased with cow and pig fat. Since soldiers had to bite them open, it offended the religious beliefs of both Hindus and Muslims. This led to anger among the sepoys and became the immediate cause of the Revolt of 1857.

3. Which were the main centres of the Revolt of 1857 and who were their leaders?

Answer:
Delhi – Bahadur Shah Zafar
Kanpur – Nana Saheb
Lucknow – Begum Hazrat Mahal
Jhansi – Rani Lakshmi Bai
Arrah – Kunwar Singh

4. Analyse the main causes of the failure of the Revolt of 1857.

Answer:
(i) Lack of unity among the rebels.
(ii) No common leadership or planning.
(iv) Limited resources and weapons.
(v) Better-trained British army and modern weapons.
(vi) Many Indian rulers supported the British.

5. List three impacts of the Revolt of 1857.

Answer:
(i) East India Company’s rule ended.
(ii) India came under the British Crown.
(iii) The British changed their policies towards Indian rulers and the army.

IV. Picture Study

1. Identify the emperor.
Ans: Bahadur Shah Zafar II

2. What was the announcement of Lord Dalhousie for this emperor?
Ans: Lord Dalhousie declared that after Bahadur Shah Zafar’s death, his successors would not be allowed to use the title of Emperor and would have to leave the Red Fort.

3. Discuss his role in the Revolt of 1857.
Ans: Bahadur Shah Zafar was accepted as the symbolic leader of the Revolt of 1857 by the rebels.

4. What was the final fate of the emperor and his family?
Ans: He was captured by the British, his sons were executed, and he was exiled to Rangoon (Myanmar), where he died in 1862.

Let Me Study, Lesson – 6, class -3, Subject – English, solved exercises

Lesson 6 – Let Me Study (Class 3 English).
A. Multiple Choice Questions
1. Rohit’s mother wanted him to
(c) take help from Mrs. Swami ✅
2. Rohit knows fraction properly because
(c) his teacher explained it properly ✅
3. Rohit does not want to go for any tuition because
(d) both (a) and (b) ✅
4. Rohit’s mother is no longer worried because he
(c) is ready to take help ✅
5. The word “confuses” means
(b) unable to think clearly ✅

B. Read, Think and Answer
1. Why did Rohit’s mother want him to go to Mrs. Swami? Give two reasons.

Answer:
(i) Mrs. Swami was a good tutor.
(ii) She would help Rohit with his homework and studies.

2. What was confusing Rohit’s mother?

Answer:
The descending order of unlike fractions was confusing her.

3. Give two reasons why Rohit did not want to go for tuition.

Answer:
(i) His teachers explained everything well in school.
(ii) He did not want to waste his father’s hard-earned money.

4. Why do you think Rohit does not need any extra help?

Answer:
Because he understands his lessons in class and studies well on his own.

C. Correct the spellings
tutioon → tuition
writien → written
writing → writing
descion → decision

Grasping Grammar

A. Complete the table
Present Form.           Past Form
write.                           wrote
teach.                           taught
buy.                              bought
stand.                           stood
drink.                           drank
learn.                            learnt

B. Rearrange the jumbled words to make meaningful sentences and write them below:
1. We/ everyday/ study/ should

Answer: We should study everyday.

2. listen / we / must / our / teachers / to

Ans: We must listen to our teachers.

3. reading / good / a / habit / is

Ans: Reading is a good habit.

4. read / story / should / one / everyday / we

Ans: We should read one story everyday.

5. we / write / must / neatly

Ans: We must write neatly.

C. Match appropriately
1. He was → (d) eager to go.
2. My mother → (a) was doing some work.
3. They were → (e) the first ones to come.
4. She finished → (b) the incomplete work.
5. We did not → (c) go out.

D. Fill in the blanks

1. I study on my own.
I do not waste time on the phone!(on/in)
2. When my teachers explain new things, (my / your) I listen carefully.
3. My parents are happy with me. (me/ her) So I (I / you) try to be as good as I can.

The Kitten at Play, English poem (class – 3), Solved exercises

A. Answer the following questions:
1. Where is the kitten?
Answer: The kitten is on the wall.

2. What is the kitten doing?
Answer: The kitten is playing with the falling leaves.

3. How many leaves have fallen down?
Answer: Three withered leaves have fallen down.

4. Describe the time of the day when the kitten is playing.
Answer: The kitten is playing on a calm, frosty, bright, and beautiful morning.

5. What does the kitten do after it starts?
Answer: After it starts, the kitten crouches, stretches, paws, and darts like a tiger.

6. How does the kitten get ready for leaping?
Answer: The kitten gets ready for leaping by crouching, stretching, and pawing before it darts forward.

A. Complete the crossword with suitable pronouns
Down
1. Tell me, what happened?
2. It is our house, not ours.
3. Give me your pen.
4. My sister bought it. It is her pencil.
Across

5. They went out from their house.

6. Show me your book.

7. She is my sister.

8. Where is Raju? He is standing there.

B. Use the following words in your sentences
Your: Your bag is on the table.
She: She is my best friend.
Her: Her dress is beautiful.
We: We play in the park every evening.
Our: Our school is very big.

C. Choose the correct Pronoun
1. I told him the whole story. ✅
2. We saw what they were doing. ✅
3. My friend gave my sister and me some sweets. ✅
4. Jasmine and I are in the same school. ✅
5. Have you got a ticket for me? ✅
6. My brother and her brother were playing. ✅

D. Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns
1. Debu is my friend. She has a big doll. ✅
2. The monkey and the cat are together. They are planning a mischief.
3. Rohit is going to the market. He will buy mangoes. ✅
4. The children are happy because they are in the playground. ✅
5. The flowers are in the garden. They are beautiful. ✅

From Trade to Territory (The Company Establishes Power), Class – 8, Subject – Social science (History) Solved exercises

A. Choose the correct answer
The first traders to come to India were
✅ (a) Portuguese
The first factory of the English East India Company was established at
✅ (c) Surat
The Battle of Plassey took place in
✅ (b) 1757
The capital of Tipu Sultan was
✅ (d) Seringapatam
The Dual System of Administration was practised in
✅ (b) Bengal
B. Match Column A with Column B
Subsidiary Alliance System → (iii) Lord Wellesley
Regular Police Force → (i) Lord Cornwallis
Policy of Paramountcy → (iv) Lord Hastings
Doctrine of Lapse → (ii) Lord Dalhousie
✅ Correct option: (d)
C. State True or False
The Carnatic Wars took place between the English and the French.
✅ True
Vasco-da-Gama discovered the sea route to India.
✅ True
The Charter Act of 1793 ended the Company’s monopoly in trade.
❌ False
After the Battle of Plassey, Mir Jafar was appointed as the Nawab of Bengal.
✅ True
Judicial reforms were introduced by Lord Cornwallis.
✅ True

II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. How was the political condition of India after the death of Aurangzeb? Analyse.
Answer: After Aurangzeb’s death, the Mughal Empire became weak. Many regional kingdoms became independent, and there was political instability. This situation allowed the British East India Company to expand its power in India.

2. How did the Battle of Plassey establish a British stronghold in India?
Answer: The Battle of Plassey (1757) gave the British control over Bengal. Mir Jafar was made the Nawab, and the East India Company gained wealth and political power. This marked the beginning of British rule in India.

3. Mention the merits and demerits of the Subsidiary Alliance System.
Answer:
Merits:
Provided protection to Indian rulers from external enemies.
Helped maintain peace in allied states.
Demerits:
Indian rulers lost their independence.
They had to pay for British troops and could not maintain their own armies.

4. The Doctrine of Lapse helped the British in the annexation of Indian States. Explain how.
Answer: According to the Doctrine of Lapse, if an Indian ruler died without a natural heir, his kingdom was annexed by the British. Adopted sons were not accepted as heirs. Using this policy, the British annexed states like Satara, Jhansi, and Nagpur.

5. List the main features of the Regulating Act of 1773.
Answer:
The Governor of Bengal became the Governor-General of Bengal.
A Council of four members was formed to assist the Governor-General.
A Supreme Court was established at Calcutta.
The East India Company came under the control of the British Parliament.

III. Long Answer Type Questions
1. Give a brief account of the Carnatic Wars.
Answer: The Carnatic Wars were fought between the British and the French in South India between 1746 and 1763. There were three Carnatic Wars. The British finally defeated the French and became the strongest European power in India.

2. Analyse the police reforms introduced by Lord Cornwallis.
Answer: Lord Cornwallis introduced important police reforms. He divided districts into police stations (thanas), each headed by a Daroga. The police were made responsible for maintaining law and order, preventing crime, and protecting the people.

3. Write a note on the Judicial Reforms of the British.
Answer: The British introduced a new judicial system. Civil and criminal courts were established at different levels. District judges were appointed, and the Supreme Court was set up at Calcutta. These reforms aimed to provide a uniform system of justice.

4. Give an account of the army under the British.
Answer: The British organised a strong and disciplined army. It consisted mainly of Indian soldiers (sepoys) under British officers. The army was trained with modern weapons and helped the British conquer and control different parts of India.

IV. Picture Study
1. In which state of India is Kittur located?
Answer: Karnataka.
2. Who was Rani Chennamma opposing and why?
Answer: She opposed the British because they wanted to annex Kittur under the Doctrine of Lapse.
3. Under which policy was Kittur being annexed by the British?
Answer: The Doctrine of Lapse.
4. Name the Governor-General who initiated this policy.
Answer: Lord Dalhousie.
5. Who took forward the struggle of Rani Chennamma?
Answer: Sangolli Rayanna.

Map and Map Reading, Subject – Geography, Class – 6, Solved exercises

B. Fill in the blanks
1. Scale is the ratio between the distance of two places on a map and the distance of these two places on the ground.
2. A thematic map is based on some theme or specific information.
3.A plan is always drawn to scale and shows accurate dimensions.
4. The four main directions are called cardinal directions.
5. Symbols represent features that cannot be drawn on a map.

C. Match the columns
Column A
Column B
1. Model of the Earth
(e) Globe
2. South
(a) North-south direction
3. Magnetic compass
(d) Cardinal direction
4. Rough drawing
(b) Sketch
5. Signs or characters
(c) Symbols

D. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. List the types of maps.

Answer:
The main types of maps are physical maps, political maps and thematic maps.

2. What are the components of a map?

Answer:
The main components of a map are distance, direction and symbols.

3. Symbols help read maps. Explain how.

Answer:
Symbols represent different features on a map and make maps easy to understand without writing many words.

4. What is a sketch?

Answer:
A sketch is a rough drawing of an area that is not drawn to scale.

5. What is a plan?

Answer:
A plan is a drawing of a small area or building made to scale with accurate measurements.

E. Short Answer Type Questions
1. Briefly explain the physical map.

Answer:
A physical map shows the natural features of the Earth such as mountains, plateaus, plains, rivers and oceans. Different colours are used to show variations in height and depth. These maps help us understand the physical landscape of a place.

2. What is a scale? Classify maps based on scales.
Scale is the ratio between the distance on a map and the actual distance on the ground. Based on scale, maps are classified into large-scale maps and small-scale maps. Large-scale maps show small areas in detail, while small-scale maps show large areas with less detail.

3. What are cardinal directions and intermediate directions?

Answer:
Cardinal directions are the four main directions—North, South, East and West. Intermediate directions lie between the cardinal directions. They are North-East, North-West, South-East and Sout

4. A compass helps to find out the main directions. Explain.

Answer:
A magnetic compass has a needle that always points towards the north direction. By identifying north, we can easily find south, east and west. Therefore, a compass helps people locate directions accurately.

5. Explain the advantages of maps over the globe.

Answer:
Maps are easy to carry and use. They can show small areas in great detail and provide specific information such as climate, population and resources. Maps are more convenient than globes for study and travel purposes

F. Long Answer Type Questions
1. Explain three types of maps in detail.

Answer:
There are three main types of maps—physical maps, political maps and thematic maps. Physical maps show natural features like mountains, rivers and plains. Political maps show cities, states, countries and their boundaries. Thematic maps give specific information related to one theme, such as climate, rainfall, population, crops or industries. Each type of map helps us study different aspects of an area clearly and easily.

2. Discuss the components of a map in detail.

Answer:
The main components of a map are distance, direction and symbols. Distance is shown with the help of a scale, which tells the relationship between map distance and actual ground distance. Direction helps us locate places using cardinal and intermediate directions. Symbols are signs used to represent features such as roads, railways, rivers and buildings. These components make maps easy to read and understand.

3. What do you understand by directions?

Answer:
Directions help us locate places and move from one place to another. The four main directions are North, South, East and West, called cardinal directions. Between them lie the intermediate directions—North-East, North-West, South-East and South-West. Maps usually show north at the top. A compass is often used to identify directions accurately. Directions are very important in map reading and navigation.

4. What are symbols? How do they help to read maps?

Answer:
Symbols are special signs or marks used on maps to represent different features because actual features cannot be drawn on maps. For example, symbols are used for roads, railways, schools, rivers and temples. They make maps simple, neat and easy to understand. Symbols are the same all over the world, so people everywhere can read maps easily without language problems.

5. Differentiate between a sketch and a plan.
Sketch. Plan

(i) A sketch is a (a) A plan is a detailed

rough drawing. drawing

(ii) It is not drawn. (b) It is always

to scale.                                        drawn to scale.
(iii) It may not show             (c) It shows accurate accurate                               .     accurate measurement          .                 measurement

(iv) It is used for giving a      (d) It is used for

general idea of a place. buildings or small
areas in detail.

******************

On Equality, Chapter -1(Social and Political Life) Class -7, Solved exercises.

B. Fill in the blanks
1. In a democracy, all citizens are equal before the law.
2. Dignity refers to thinking of oneself and other persons as worthy of respect.
3. In order to promote equality, untouchability has been abolished by law.
4. The attitude of the people to think of all as equal, changes society.
5. Civil Rights Movement began in 1950s in America.

C. State True or False
1. Our constitution guarantees equality for all citizens.
True
2. The government enacts various policies to ensure equality for all.
True
3. The Mid-day Meal Scheme was started in Andhra Pradesh.
False
4. Attendance of children has improved by the Mid-day Meal Scheme.
True
5. Other countries of the world do not face inequality.
False

II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. State two ways in which Article 15 of our Constitution addresses inequality among citizens.

Answer:
(i) It prohibits discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
(ii) It allows equal access to public places and opportunities for all citizens.

2. In what ways does the government ensure equality as guaranteed by the Constitution?

Answer:
The government ensures equality by making laws and starting welfare programmes and schemes such as the Mid-day Meal Scheme, free education, and reservation policies.

3. “In daily life, we still find many examples of inequality”. Explain.

Answer:
In daily life, inequality can be seen in:
(i) Poverty and unemployment.
(ii) Discrimination based on caste, religion, or gender.
(iii) Unequal access to education and healthcare.
(iv) Untouchability and social differences in some places.

4. List the advantages of Mid-day Meal Scheme.
Increases school attendance.

Answer:
(i) Reduces hunger among children.
(ii) Promotes equality among students.
(iv) Encourages poor children to attend school.

III. Long Answer Type Questions
1. What do you understand by the term “all persons are equal before the law”? Why is it important in a democracy?

Answer:
“All persons are equal before the law” means every citizen is treated equally by the law. No one is above the law, whether rich or poor.
It is important in a democracy because it gives equal rights and justice to all citizens and prevents discrimination.

2. What are the provisions mentioned in our Constitution with regard to equality among citizens?

Answer
The Constitution provides:
(i) Equality before law for all citizens.
(ii) No discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, sex, race, or place of birth.
(iii) Equal opportunity in government jobs.
(iv) Abolition of untouchability.
(v) Equal access to public places.

3. “In daily life, we still find many examples of inequality”. Explain.

4. List the advantages of Mid-day Meal Scheme.
Increases school attendance.

Answer:
(i) Reduces hunger among children.
(ii) Promotes equality among students.
(v) Encourages poor children to attend school.

Understanding Media,(Social and Political Life), Class -7, Chapter – 6, solved exercises

A. Choose the correct answer.
1. Which one of the following refers to the various ways of communicating information, etc. to the people?
Answer: (b) Media
2. Which one of the following mediums is an example of electronic media?
Answer: (c) Television
3. The form of media that reaches millions of people across the country and the world is called
Answer: (b) Mass Media
4. Which of the following is/are the important role(s) of media in democracy?
Answer: (d) All of these
5. Which one of the following media units is owned by the government?
Answer: (a) The Publication Division
6. The Central Government passed the Right to Information Act in
Answer: (c) 2005
B. Give two examples for each of the following.
1.Personal Media
(a) Telephone
(b) Letter
2. Mass Media
(a) Television
(b) Radio
3. Print Media
(a) Newspaper
(b) Magazine
4. Electronic Media
(a) Television
(b) Internet

C. State True or False
1. Technology that media uses keeps changing.
Answer: True
2. Media does not influence our opinions.
Answer: False
3. Media earns money through advertisements.
Answer: True
4. Newspapers are an example of electronic media.
Answer: False
5. It is important for media to present a balanced report.
Answer: True

II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. Discuss the role of technology in media.
Answer: Technology helps media to spread information quickly and widely through television, internet, mobile phones and social media. It makes communication faster and easier.

2. “The mass media unit requires a huge amount of money to do its work.” Justify the statement with the help of examples.
Answer: Mass media needs a lot of money for printing newspapers, running TV channels, buying machines, paying workers and broadcasting programmes. For example, television channels and newspaper companies spend large amounts on technology and advertisements.

3. Analyse the role of the media in providing information to the people.
Answer: Media informs people about national and international events, government policies, disasters, sports and entertainment. It helps people stay aware and make informed decisions.

3. The government initiatives to reduce inequality in our daily life work very slowly. Give reasons why.

Answer
Government initiatives work slowly because:
(i) Social discrimination and old traditions still exist.
(ii) Poverty and illiteracy continue in many areas.
People’s attitudes do not change quickly.

4. Why do you think that inequality is a world phenomenon? Explain.

Answer:
Inequality is a world phenomenon because in many countries people face differences based on wealth, race, caste, gender, religion, and education. Rich and poor people do not get equal opportunities everywhere.

III. Long Answer Type Questions
1. What are the important roles of the media in democracy? Discuss.
Answer: Media plays an important role in democracy by providing information, creating public awareness, discussing social issues and helping people express their opinions. It also keeps a check on the government and informs citizens about their rights and duties.

2. Explain how you think the media creates public opinion.
Answer: Media creates public opinion by showing news, discussions, interviews and reports on important issues. People form opinions after watching, reading or listening to these reports and discussions.

3. Discuss the positive and negative effects of the agenda set by the media.
Answer:
Positive effects: Media spreads awareness, educates people and highlights important issues.
Negative effects: Sometimes media may show biased news, spread rumours or focus only on sensational topics for profit.

4. Why do you think the media is the fourth pillar of democracy? Explain.
Answer: Media is called the fourth pillar of democracy because it informs people, protects freedom of speech and keeps a check on the government. It helps citizens know the truth and participate in democracy.

5. “In reality, the media is far from independent”. Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer: Many media houses are controlled by big business groups and depend on advertisements for money. Sometimes political pressure and business interests influence the news, so media may not always remain fully independent.

The Indian Constitution, Chapter -1,( social and political life) Class-8, solved exercises.

A. Choose the correct answer
1. Which one of the following refers to a fundamental legal document according to which the government of a country functions?
Answer: (b) Constitution

2. Every law enacted by the government has to be in conformity with the
Answer: (c) Constitution

3. Which one of the following refers to an introduction in which the purpose of the Constitution is given?
Answer: (a) Preamble

4. Which one of the following is/are the feature(s) of our Constitution?
Answer: (d) All of these

5. Which one of the following refers to the country free from external control?
Answer: (a) Sovereign

6. India has governments in the states and at the centre that shows that it has
Answer: (b) a federal system of government

B. Match Column A with Column B
1. Right to Equality → (iii) Untouchability has been abolished
2. Cultural & Educational Rights → (iv) Right to minorities to establish their educational institutions
3. Right to Freedom → (ii) Right to form associations
4. Right against Exploitation → (i) Prohibition of forced labour
Correct option: (d)
1-(iii), 2-(iv), 3-(ii), 4-(i)

C. State True or False
(i) Our Constitution enumerates our rights and duties.
Answer: True
(ii) It is not our duty to respect the Constitution.
Answer: False

(iii) It is not essential that every law enacted by the government should be in conformity with the Constitution.
Answer: False
(iv) Most countries in the world do not have a Constitution.
Answer: False
(v) India has a parliamentary form of government.
Answer: True

II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. There is a provision of check and balance in our Constitution. Explain.

Answer:
The Indian Constitution provides a system of checks and balances among the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Each organ keeps a check on the powers of the others so that no organ becomes too powerful or misuses its authority.

2. What are the roles of a Constitution in a country? Explain any two.

Answer:
(i) It lays down the basic rules and laws according to which the government functions.
(ii) It protects the rights and freedoms of the citizens.

3. Justify that India is a sovereign democratic republic.

Answer:
India is sovereign because it is free from external control. It is democratic because the people elect their government through elections. It is a republic because the head of the state is elected and not a hereditary ruler.

4. Explain any two Fundamental Rights.

Answer:
Right to Equality – All citizens are equal before the law and discrimination is prohibited.
Right to Freedom – Citizens have freedom of speech, movement, residence and profession.

III. Long Answer Type Questions
1. Why does a democratic country need a Constitution?

Answer:
A democratic country needs a Constitution because it lays down the basic principles and rules for governance. It defines the powers and functions of the government and protects the Fundamental Rights of citizens. It also ensures justice, equality and liberty for all people. The Constitution prevents misuse of power by providing checks and balances among different organs of government.

2. Discuss the various features of the Indian Constitution.

Answer:
Main features of the Indian Constitution are:
(i) Written Constitution – It is a detailed written document.
(ii) Sovereign – India is free from external control.
(iii) Socialist – The government works for social and economic equality.
(iv) Secular – All religions are treated equally.
(v) Democratic – People elect their representatives through elections.
(vi) Republic – The head of the state is elected.
(vii) Federal System – Powers are divided between the Centre and the States.
(viii) Fundamental Rights – Citizens are given basic rights and freedoms.

3. Define Secularism. How can you say that India is a secular state? Explain.

Answer
Secularism means that the state does not favour any one religion and treats all religions equally.
India is a secular state because:
(i) Citizens are free to follow any religion of their choice.
(ii) The government does not promote any particular religion.
(iii) All religions are given equal respect before the law.
(iv) The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion to all citizens.