1. Answer the following questions:
a. Why does the southern part of India enjoy an equable climate?
Answer:- Because it is surrounded by the sea on three sides, which keeps the temperature moderate throughout the year.
b. What are monsoons? How are they useful?
Answer:- Monsoons are seasonal winds that bring rain to India. They are useful because they help in farming and provide water for drinking and irrigation.
c. Which part of India receives rainfall in the winter season?
Answer:- The coastal areas of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh (southeastern India).
d. Why is there winter in some parts of India?
Answer:- Because during this time, the northern hemisphere tilts away from the sun, reducing heat and making the weather cold.
e. Which factors affect the climate of a place?
Answer:- Latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, and wind direction.
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2. Fill in the blanks:
a. A hot, dry wind which blows in summer is called loo.
b. Mawsynram is the place which receives the highest rainfall in the world.
c. December and January are the coldest months of the year.
d. Shimla and Darjeeling are two popular hill stations of India.
e. Places near the sea enjoy equable type of climate.
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3. Write ‘T’ for ‘true’ or ‘F’ for ‘false’:
a. All parts of India have the same type of climate throughout the year. — F
b. The days are longer in summers than in winters. — T
c. Gujarat and Rajasthan receive very little rainfall in the rainy season. — T
d. The winter season starts in August. — F
e. The winter season brings rainfall to all parts of India. — F
The Delhi Sultanate,Chapter- 3, Subject- Social Science,Solved Exercises,Solved Questions and Answers.
A. Fill in the blanks
1. ______ was the founder of the Khalji Dynasty.
➤ Jalal-ud-din Khalji was the founder of the Khalji Dynasty.
2. Dagh and chehra were introduced by ______.
➤ Alauddin Khalji introduced dagh and chehra.
3. ______ and ______ were two rituals introduced by Balban in his court.
➤ Sijda and Paibos were two rituals introduced by Balban in his court.
4. The ______ was the master of ceremonies at the sultan’s court.
➤ The Amir-i-dad was the master of ceremonies at the sultan’s court.
5. The ______ was the head of the pargana.
➤ The Shiqdar (or Mukaddam) was the head of the pargana.
B. Match the Columns
Column A Column B
1. Mamluk (c) Slave
2. Raziya Sultan (d) 1236–1240
3. Alauddin Khalji (a) Hauz Khas
4. Iqta (e) Division of the empire
5. Muhammad bin (b) transfer of capital
Tughlaq
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E. Short Answer Type Questions (50–60 words)
1. Who can be considered the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate? And:-Iltutmish is considered the real founder of the Delhi Sultanate. He consolidated the kingdom after Qutb-ud-din Aibak’s death, established a strong administrative system, introduced the silver tanka and copper jital, and made Delhi the capital. His efforts gave the Sultanate a stable foundation.
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2. Describe the challenges faced by Raziya Sultan.
Ans:- Raziya Sultan faced strong opposition from the nobles who did not accept a woman ruler. They constantly plotted against her. She also faced revolts from provincial governors and was betrayed by her own supporters. Eventually, she lost her throne and life due to these conspiracies.
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3. Discuss the Slave Dynasty. Write a note on any two rulers.
Ans:- The Slave Dynasty (1206–1290) was the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, founded by Qutb-ud-din Aibak.
Qutb-ud-din Aibak began construction of the Qutub Minar and built mosques in Delhi and Ajmer.
Iltutmish expanded the empire, improved administration, and introduced coins called tanka and jital.
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4. Identify the public works done by Firoz Shah Tughluq.
Ans:- Firoz Shah Tughluq built many canals for irrigation, repaired old buildings, and constructed new cities like Firozabad. He built mosques, madrasas, hospitals, and the famous Firoz Shah Kotla in Delhi. His reign is known for welfare and development works.
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5. What happened to the powerful samantas?
Ans:- The samantas (feudal lords) lost their power when the Delhi Sultans centralized administration. Their lands were taken over and turned into iqtas under government officials. The sultans kept strict control to prevent rebellion and strengthen the central authority.
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F. Long Answer Type Questions (80–100 words)
1. The nobility was a powerful influence on the Delhi sultans. Examine.
Ans:- The nobles played an important role in the Delhi Sultanate as administrators and military officers. However, their power often created problems for the sultans. They formed powerful groups like the Chalisa (group of forty nobles) that tried to control the throne. Sultans like Balban had to take strict steps to curb their power by introducing rituals such as sijda and paibos and emphasizing royal authority.
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2. Discuss the administration under the Delhi sultans.
Ans:- The Delhi Sultanate had a well-organized central and provincial administration. The sultan was the supreme ruler assisted by ministers such as the wazir (finance), ariz-i-mamalik (army), and diwan-i-insha (correspondence). The empire was divided into iqtas governed by iqtadars. Law and order were maintained through a strong army and efficient judicial system.
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3. What were the consequences of Muhammad bin Tughluq’s experiments? Explain in detail.
Ans:- Muhammad bin Tughluq’s experiments, like shifting the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad, introducing token currency, and increasing taxes, all failed. The capital transfer caused hardship, the token coins led to counterfeit money, and heavy taxes angered peasants. These failures weakened his rule and reduced the people’s trust in his administration.
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4. Discuss the reforms made by Alauddin Khalji.
Ans:- Alauddin Khalji introduced many reforms to strengthen his empire. He fixed prices of goods and set up markets to control inflation. He introduced dagh (branding of horses) and chehra (descriptive rolls of soldiers) to maintain an efficient army. He also controlled nobles to prevent rebellion and built the Hauz Khas reservoir for Delhi’s water supply.
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5. Write about Timur’s invasion and the beginning of the Sayyid Dynasty.
Ans:- Timur invaded India in 1398 during the rule of Nasir-ud-din Tughluq. He defeated the Sultan’s army, plundered Delhi, and killed thousands. After his return to Central Asia, the Tughluq dynasty collapsed. In 1414, Khizr Khan, Timur’s governor in India, established the Sayyid Dynasty, marking a new phase in the Delhi Sultanate’s history.
Parliament and the Making of Laws, Class- 8, solved Questions and answers.
A. Very short answer type questions:
Q1. What is the advantage of the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs)?
Ans. Cutting of trees has been stopped.
Q2. Name the two Houses of the Parliament.
Ans. The Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha.
Q3. What is the term or tenure of the Lok Sabha?
Ans. The tenure of the Lok Sabha is 5 years.
Q4. What makes the Indian Parliament powerful?
Ans. It is the representative of the people.
Q5. What do you mean by the executive?
Ans. The executive is a group of persons who work together to implement the laws made by the Parliament.
Q6. Who is the leader of the ruling party in the Lok Sabha?
Ans. The Prime Minister.
Q7. Name the ministries which are housed in the North Block.
Ans. The Minister of Finance and the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Q8. Who nominates the 12 members of the Rajya Sabha?
Ans. The President of India.
Q9. How is the question hour an important mechanism?
Ans. It is through this mechanism that MPs can elicit information about the working of the government.
Q10. What has been done to give adequate representation to the communities that have been historically marginalised?
Ans. Some seats are reserved in the Parliament for people belonging to SC and ST category.
Q11. Give one reason why you think there should be universal adult franchise.
Ans: There should be universal adult franchise in order to establish equality in the country.
B. Short answer type questions:
Q1. Do you think there would be any difference if the class monitor was selected by the teacher or elected by the students? Discuss.
Ans:
Selection of class monitor by the teacher is not a democratic process because the monitor is not the representative of the students.
If the class monitor is elected by the students, he will represent the entire class.
This is democratic in nature and represents fairness.
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Q2. Use the terms ‘constituency’ and ‘represent’ to explain who an MLA is and how the person gets elected.
Ans:
Example: Mr. Manohar Lal Khattar represents Karnal (Haryana) constituency as an MLA of the Haryana Vidhan Sabha.
Procedure of election of an MLA:
1. Parties give tickets to their workers (one party = one candidate per constituency).
2. Candidates file nomination forms with the Returning Officer.
3. They campaign by announcing their policies and programmes.
4. Voting is conducted on a fixed day.
5. Candidate with the highest number of votes becomes the MLA from that constituency.
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Q3. Discuss with your teacher the difference between a State Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and the Parliament (Lok Sabha).
Vidhan Sabha Lok Sabha
1. State Legislative Assembly is the lower house of a particular state’s Vidhan Sabha consisting of MLAs. 1. Parliament is the highest law-making body of the whole country consisting of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Their members are called MPs.
2. State legislature can make laws on the subjects given in State List and only for its own state. 2. Parliament can make laws on subjects given in Central List, Concurrent List and Residuary List for the whole country.
—Q4. Why do you think nationalist movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote?
Answer:
The nationalist movement became successful because people from various backgrounds joined it. With independence, it was felt that all persons in independent India should participate in making decisions. The government must be sensitive to people’s needs and demands. Therefore, the Constitution of independent India laid down the principle of universal adult franchise, i.e., all adult citizens of India have the right to vote. By exercising this right, people can participate in the functioning of the government through their representatives. This is the essence of a democratic government.
Q5. How is the national government formed?
Ans. After the Lok Sabha elections are declared, a list is prepared showing how many MPs belong to each political party. For a political party to form the government, they must have a majority of elected MPs. The total membership of the Lok Sabha is 545, in which 543 are elected members while 2 are nominated. Thus, a party should have at least half the number i.e., 272 members or more to have a majority in order to form the national government.
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Q6. What is the role of Prime Minister in India?
Ans. The Prime Minister of India is the leader of the ruling party in the Lok Sabha. From the MPs who belong to his/her party, the Prime Minister selects ministers to work with him to implement decisions. These ministers then take charge of different areas of government functioning such as health, education, foreign, tourism, etc.
C. Long answer type question:
Q1. Discuss the role and functions of the Parliament.
Answer:
The Parliament is the most important institution in a democracy. It performs the following role and functions:
1. Two Houses – It consists of two houses: the Lok Sabha (lower house) and the Rajya Sabha (upper house).
2. Controls the Government – The Parliament controls, guides, and informs the government. The Question Hour is an important mechanism through which MPs elicit information about the working of the government. This helps the Parliament control the executive and hold it accountable.
3. Financial Approval – In all financial matters, the government requires the Parliament’s approval. This ensures proper control, guidance, and information flow.
4. Law-making – The Parliament makes new laws for the entire country and amends or repeals old ones when necessary.
5. Passing the Budget – It passes the budget of the Union Government. Parliament can also reduce or even reject the budget.
6. Power of Impeachment – The Parliament can remove the President of India through impeachment. It can also impeach judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts if they are found violating the Constitution or misusing their position.
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Transport and Communication, Chapter- 12, Subject- Social studies,solved exercise.
Exercises –
A. Tick the correct answer
1. Which is the most preferred mode of transportation?
→ Roadways ✅
2. Indian Railways is the ______ largest in the world.
→ Fourth ✅
3. Which was the first city in India to have a metro?
→ Kolkata ✅
4. Around when was the printing press invented?
→ 1440 ✅
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B. Fill in the blanks
1. In developed countries, there is a network of highways known as Expressways which connects the major cities.
2. Air transport is the fastest mode of transport.
3. Satellites are electronic devices that are sent to space.
4. The idea of mass communication came with the invention of the printing press.
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C. Write (T) for true and (F) for false sentences
1. Television is known as the Information Superhighway. → F
2. Kolkata doesn’t have a metro rail project. → F
3. The first television was made in 1926. → T
4. Air Deccan is India’s leading airline. → F
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D. Answer the following questions
1. Explain the two types of land transport.
Answer: Land transport is of two types:
Roadways: Includes cars, buses, trucks, and other vehicles that run on roads.
Railways: Trains that run on tracks and are useful for carrying heavy goods and passengers over long distances.
2. Write a short note on water transport.
Answer: Water transport is the oldest means of transport. It includes ships, boats, and steamers that move on rivers, seas, and oceans. It is mainly used for carrying bulky goods and is cheaper than air transport.
3. What do you mean by communication?
Answer: Communication means the exchange of ideas, messages, or information between people. It can be done through speaking, writing, or using electronic media.
4. The idea of mass communication came with the invention of the printing press. How?
Answer: The printing press made it possible to produce books, newspapers, and magazines in large numbers. This helped in spreading information and knowledge to many people at the same time, which is called mass communication.
E. Give reasons
1. Invention of wheel was a revolutionary step in transport.
👉 Because the wheel made the movement of goods and people much easier and faster. It allowed the invention of carts, carriages, and later modern vehicles, which greatly improved transport.
2. Artificial satellites are very useful in communication.
👉 Because satellites help in sending signals for television, radio, telephones, and the internet across long distances quickly. They make global communication possible.
Tech Corner
Using the Internet, find out and make a list of the major airports of India.
✅ Major airports of India are:
1. Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi
2. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Mumbai
3. Kempegowda International Airport, Bengaluru
4. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport, Kolkata
5. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, Hyderabad
6. Chennai International Airport, Chennai
7. Cochin International Airport, Kochi
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Values and Life Skills
What are some good manners that you must follow while communicating with others?
✅ Good manners while communicating:
1. Listen carefully without interrupting.
2. Speak politely and respectfully.
3. Maintain eye contact and a friendly tone.
4. Use “please” and “thank you.”
5. Respect others’ opinions, even if you disagree.
Indian Independence, Chapter- 15, Subject- Social Studies, Solved exercises.
A. Tick the correct answer .
1. When did Gandhiji return to India?
✅ 1915
2. Who raised the slogan ‘Swaraj is my birth right’?
✅ Bal Gangadhar Tilak
3. When was the Rowlatt Act executed by the British?
✅ 1919
4. What were the freedom fighters who believed in achieving freedom through peaceful methods known as?
✅ Moderates
B. Match the columns
1. Moderate → (e) W.C. Bonnerjee
2. Radical → (d) Lala Lajpat Rai
3. A.O. Hume → (a) Started the Indian National Congress
4. Swaraj → (b) Self-rule
5. Lord Curzon → (c) Division of Bengal
C. Write short notes on the following
Answer:–
Rowlatt Act – Passed in 1919 by the British, it allowed the government to arrest and imprison people without trial, leading to widespread protests.
2. Dandi March – In 1930, Gandhiji marched from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi to break the salt law, starting the Civil Disobedience Movement.
3. Simon Commission – A British committee set up in 1927 to suggest constitutional reforms in India, but it had no Indian members, leading to protests.
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D. Answer the following questions
1. Write a note on the Indian National Congress.-
Answer: The Indian National Congress was Founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume, it was a political party that led the struggle for India’s independence.
2. Write down the differences between the moderates and the radicals. Name any two leaders from each category.
Answer:
Moderates believed in peaceful methods (e.g., Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale).
Radicals believed in aggressive methods (e.g., Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai).
3. Why was Bengal divided by the British? What were the results of this partition?
Answer:
Bengal was divided in 1905 to weaken the nationalist movement.
It led to strong protests and the Swadeshi Movement.
4. Name a few movements launched by Gandhiji to achieve freedom for India.
Answer:
Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, Quit India Movement.
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E. Give reasons
1. Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement.
– Because of the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, where violent clashes led to the death of policemen.
2. Rowlatt Act was called the ‘Black Act’.
– Because it took away basic rights like trial by jury and allowed arrest without reason.
Observe and Answer
Answer:
This is the Jallianwala Bagh Memorial in Amritsar. It commemorates the tragic massacre of hundreds of innocent Indians by British troops on 13 April 1919. The place reminds us of the sacrifices made for India’s freedom.
Web Chart – Major Events of the Freedom Struggle of India
1885 → Formation of Indian National Congress
1905 → Partition of Bengal
1919 → Jallianwala Bagh Massacre & Rowlatt Act
1942 → Quit India Movement
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Best independence day speech for a student
Respected Principal, Teachers, and My Dear Friends,
A very good morning to all of you. Today, we are gathered here to celebrate our Independence Day, the day our beloved India got freedom from British rule in 1947. This day is not just a holiday—it is a reminder of the sacrifices and struggles made by our freedom fighters like Mahatma Gandhi, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Bhagat Singh, and many others.
Because of their courage and determination, we are able to live in a free nation where we can dream and achieve without fear.
But friends, true independence is not only about freedom from foreign rule. It is also about freedom from poverty, illiteracy, and inequality. It is our duty, as the youth of this great nation, to protect our unity, respect our diversity, and work hard for a better future.
Let us remember the words, “Sare Jahan Se Achha, Hindustan Hamara” and promise to be responsible citizens who make our country proud.
Jai Hind! 🇮🇳
Political Formations in the Eighteenth Century, Class- 7, Subject- Social Science, Solved exercises for these chapter.
A. Choose the correct answer
1. Awadh emerged as an independent state under:
(a) Saadat Khan
2. The Battle of Plassey was fought in the year:
(b) 1757
3. Chin Qilich Khan was given the title:
(b) Nizam‑ul‑Mulk
4. Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of:
(c) Mysore
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B. Write T for True and F for False statements
1. The Mughal emperors after Aurangzeb are referred to as the Later Mughals. – T
2. Suraj Mal was the most famous Jat ruler. – T
3. The Third Battle of Panipat was fought between the Mughals and Ahmad Shah Abdali. – F (It was fought between Marathas and Ahmad Shah Abdali.)
4. Chauth and sardeshmukhi were two taxes levied by the Mughals. – F (These were levied by the Marathas.)
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C. Fill in the blanks
1. The Battle of Buxar was fought in 1764.
2. The ijaradari system was introduced by Saadat Khan in Awadh.
3. The Bengal became independent from the Mughal rule under Murshid Quli Khan.
4. Under Peshwas, the Marathas emerged as a powerful force.
5. In the Third Battle of Panipat, the Marathas were defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761.
D. Very Short Answer Type Questions (20–30 words)
1. Who were the later Mughals?
Answer: The Mughal emperors who ruled after Aurangzeb (1707) are called the Later Mughals. They were weak rulers, and their empire gradually disintegrated.
2. Who were the parties in the Battle of Buxar?
Answer: The Battle of Buxar (1764) was fought between the British East India Company and the combined forces of Mir Qasim (Bengal), Shuja‑ud‑Daulah (Awadh) and Shah Alam II (Mughal).
3. Who was Saadat Khan? What was the title given to him?
Answer: Saadat Khan was the founder of the independent kingdom of Awadh. He was given the title Burhan‑ul‑Mulk by the Mughal emperor.
4. Who was Maharana Pratap?
Answer: Maharana Pratap was the brave Rajput ruler of Mewar who resisted Mughal emperor Akbar’s attempts to capture his kingdom, most notably in the Battle of Haldighati (1576).
5. What was the Ashtapradhan?
Answer: The Ashtapradhan was a council of eight ministers appointed by Shivaji to assist in administration and governance of the Maratha kingdom.
—
E. Short Answer Type Questions (50–60 words)
1. What was the ijaradari system?
Answer: The ijaradari system was introduced by Saadat Khan in Awadh. Under this system, the right to collect revenue from land was auctioned to the highest bidder, called the ijardar. The ijardar paid a fixed sum to the state and kept the remaining revenue, which often led to exploitation of peasants.
2. Write a note on Sawai Raja Jai Singh.
Answer: Sawai Raja Jai Singh was a powerful Rajput ruler of Amber (Jaipur). He was a skilled administrator, diplomat, and astronomer. He built the city of Jaipur and established astronomical observatories called Jantar Mantars in different cities, including Delhi and Jaipur.
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F. Long Answer Type Questions (80–100 words)
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1. Analyse the reasons for the decline of the Mughal Empire.
Answer: The Mughal Empire declined after Aurangzeb’s death due to several reasons. The later Mughals were weak and unable to control the vast empire. Continuous wars drained the treasury, and heavy taxes angered the people. Powerful nobles and regional leaders like the Marathas, Sikhs, and Jats became independent. Invasions by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali weakened the empire further. The rise of the British East India Company also led to the empire’s downfall.
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2. Explain the rise of Bengal as an independent kingdom.
Answer: Bengal became independent under Murshid Quli Khan, who was appointed as governor by the Mughals. After Aurangzeb’s death, he stopped sending revenue to Delhi and started ruling independently. Bengal was rich in trade, agriculture, and resources, which made it powerful. Its strategic location near the sea helped it flourish as a major trading centre. Later rulers like Alivardi Khan continued Bengal’s prosperity until the British conquest.
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3. Trace the emergence of the Sikhs as an important political power.
Answer: The Sikhs, founded by Guru Nanak, gradually turned into a military power under later Gurus, especially Guru Gobind Singh, who formed the Khalsa in 1699. After Aurangzeb’s death, the Sikh Misls united under Maharaja Ranjit Singh to form a strong kingdom in Punjab. They resisted Mughal and Afghan forces and later built a powerful empire with Lahore as the capital.
—
4. Examine the rise and fall of the Marathas.
Answer: The Marathas rose under Shivaji, who established Swarajya and challenged Mughal power. After his death, the Peshwas controlled the Maratha Confederacy and expanded it across India. They became the most powerful force in the 18th century. However, internal divisions and defeat in the Third Battle of Panipat (1761) against Ahmad Shah Abdali weakened them. Later, the British defeated the Marathas in the Anglo‑Maratha wars.
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5. Describe the Maratha administration.
Answer: The Maratha administration, founded by Shivaji, was well‑organized. He appointed the Ashtapradhan, an eight‑member council of ministers to help him. Revenue was collected through chauth and sardeshmukhi taxes. The kingdom was divided into provinces called subhas, managed by officers. Forts were built for defence, and a disciplined army was maintained. The system promoted efficiency and loyalty.
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G. Differentiate between the following
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1. Chauth and Sardeshmukhi
Chauth: A 25% tax on revenue or produce collected by the Marathas from lands not directly under their control.
Sardeshmukhi: An additional 10% tax claimed as the hereditary right of the Maratha ruler over the region.
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2. Swarajya and Mughlai
Swarajya: Areas directly controlled by the Marathas under Shivaji’s administration.
Mughlai: Areas controlled by the Mughals or those who paid revenue to them.
—
3. Misl and Dal Khalsa
Misl: Small Sikh military groups led by individual chiefs in Punjab.
Dal Khalsa: The united army of all Sikh Misls formed to defend Punjab and fight against invaders.
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H. Higher‑Order Thinking Skills
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1. The Battle of Buxar had more far‑reaching consequences than the Battle of Plassey. Why?
Answer: The Battle of Plassey (1757) gave the British control over Bengal, but the Battle of Buxar (1764) was more important as it gave them control over Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha. The Mughal emperor granted them Diwani rights, making the British the real rulers of Eastern India, which laid the foundation for British rule in India.
Our Human Resources, Chapter- 14, Subject- Social Studies, Solved Exercises .
1. Answer the following questions:
a. Why are people considered the most important resource of a country?
Answer: People are considered the most important resource because they use and develop other resources and help in the progress of the country.
b. What is the biggest hurdle in the path of growth of our country?
Answer: The biggest hurdle in the growth of our country is the growing population.
c. What are the effects of the increasing population?
Answer: Increasing population leads to poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, lack of health and housing facilities.
d. Write five steps which should be taken to improve the quality of our human resources.
Answer: Steps should be taken to improve the quality of our human resources:
1. Provide better education.
2. Improve healthcare facilities.
3. Promote skill development.
4. Create more employment opportunities.
5. Spread awareness about population control.
e. Why is a small family said to be a happy family?
Answer: A small family is a happy family because it can live a better life with proper education, health, and other facilities.
—
2. Tick the right answer:
a. The most intelligent living being of all —
✔️ (i) Man
b. A scheme launched by the Government to increase milk production —
✔️ (iii) White Revolution
c. The biggest problem of our country —
✔️ (i) Growing population
d. The most populated country in the world —
✔️ (i) China
e. It is said to be a happy family —
✔️ (i) Small family
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3. Write ‘T’ for ‘True’ or ‘F’ for ‘False’:
a. The population of India is 80 crores.
❌ F (It is over 140 crores now.)
b. India is less populated than Australia.
❌ F (India is much more populated.)
c. To improve the quality of the people, education is very important.
✔️ T
d. The Government is not making schemes to create jobs.
❌ F (Government has several job creation schemes.)
e. Illiteracy and poverty are two major problems of our country.
✔️ T
Rural Livelihood, Class- 6,Lesson- Seven, Subject- Social Science, Solved exercises
A. Choose the correct answer
1. The main occupation of rural people is:
(b) Agriculture
2. The middle-level farmers own:
(c) Small plots of land
3. Fishermen can’t go fishing during the:
(a) Monsoon season
4. Cattle are used for tilling the fields mostly by:
(b) Small or mid-level farmers
5. Rearing of animals to produce food is referred to as:
(c) Animal husbandry
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B. True or False
1. The work of landless peasants is seasonal. – True
2. Banking, teaching and trading are secondary occupations. – True
3. Poultry refers to birds such as chickens, ducks and geese. – True
4. The rich farmers have to work in their fields. – False
5. Fishing is a primary occupation. – True
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C. Fill in the blanks
1.Agricultureis the main occupation of majority of people in rural area.
2. Rich farmers can afford to buy fertilizers, modern machinery and other things.
3. Landless labourers borrow money to buy seeds, fertilizers and insecticides.
4. Animals such as cows, goats and buffaloes are mainly reared for their milk.
5. Many people from rural areas are forced to migrate to urban areas to find jobs.
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D. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Which is the main occupation in rural areas?
Answer: The main occupation in rural areas is agriculture, as most people depend on farming for their livelihood.
2. Who are landless peasants?
Answer: Landless peasants are poor farmers who do not own land and work on others’ fields for daily wages.
3. What is animal husbandry?
Answer: Animal husbandry is the practice of rearing animals like cows, goats and buffaloes for milk, meat and other products.
4. What is poultry?
Answer: Poultry refers to the rearing of birds like chickens, ducks and geese for eggs and meat.
5. Who are rich farmers?
Answer: Rich farmers are those who own large plots of land and can afford modern machinery, fertilizers and good seeds for farming.
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E. Short Answer Type Questions (50–60 words)
1. Explain the term livelihood.
Answer: Livelihood refers to the means or way by which people earn their living and meet their basic needs like food, clothing and shelter. It includes activities such as farming, fishing, trading, animal husbandry and other work that help them survive and support their families.
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2. What is animal husbandry?
Answer: Animal husbandry is the practice of breeding and rearing animals like cows, goats, buffaloes and sheep to obtain products such as milk, meat, wool and leather. It is an important occupation in rural areas and supports farmers’ income.
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3. How do people living near forest areas earn their livelihood?
Answer: People living near forest areas earn their livelihood by collecting forest products like wood, honey, fruits, medicinal plants and leaves. Some of them also hunt animals, fish in rivers, or make handicrafts from bamboo and other materials found in forests.
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4. How do small farmers incur heavy debts?
Answer: Small farmers incur heavy debts because they do not have enough money to buy seeds, fertilizers, and farming tools. They borrow money from moneylenders at high interest rates, and if the crops fail due to drought or floods, they are unable to repay the loans.
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5. Why do farm labourers migrate to urban areas?
Answer: Farm labourers migrate to urban areas in search of better employment opportunities, higher wages and improved living conditions. Due to seasonal farming, they do not get regular work in villages and move to cities to work in factories, construction sites or as daily wage labourers.
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F. Long Answer Type Questions (80–100 words)
1. Who are middle-level farmers? Explain.
Answer: Middle-level farmers are those who own small or medium-sized plots of land. They do not have as much land or wealth as rich farmers but are better off than landless labourers. These farmers generally work on their own fields with the help of family members and sometimes hire labourers during the busy seasons. They grow crops for their own use and sell the surplus in the market. Their income is moderate, and they may use simple farming tools instead of modern machinery.
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2. Discuss in detail about fishing and cottage industries in rural areas.
Answer: Fishing is an important occupation in coastal and riverine rural areas. Fishermen catch fish using boats and nets and sell them in local markets. It provides food and income to many rural families. Cottage industries are small-scale industries run from homes or small workshops. Examples include weaving, pottery, handicrafts, and basket-making. These industries use locally available raw materials and provide supplementary income to rural households, especially during non-farming seasons.
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3. Write a note on the three sectors of occupations.
Answer: Occupations are divided into three main sectors:
Primary sector: Includes activities like farming, fishing, mining and forestry that use natural resources.
Secondary sector: Includes industries that process raw materials into finished goods, like textile or food processing.
Tertiary sector: Includes services like banking, teaching, transportation and trade that support the other two sectors.
All three sectors are interdependent and essential for the economy.
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4. Distinguish between small and middle-level farmers.
Answer: Small farmers: Own very small pieces of land, often less than two hectares. They mostly work themselves and face financial difficulties.
Middle-level farmers: Own slightly larger land, can produce enough for their family and sell surplus. They may hire some labourers during peak seasons.
Small farmers are poorer and more dependent on loans, while middle-level farmers are relatively stable.
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5. Write a note on different types of farmers living in rural areas.
Answer: Farmers in rural areas can be divided into three types:
Rich farmers: Own large plots of land and modern machinery. They can easily buy fertilizers, seeds and employ labourers.
Middle-level farmers: Own moderate land and use family labour. They manage with simple tools and have limited income.
Small farmers and landless labourers: Either own very little land or none at all. They work on others’ fields for wages and face financial struggles.
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G. Differentiate between the following
Answer: . Primary livelihoods and secondary livelihoods
Primary livelihoods: Activities that directly use natural resources like farming, fishing and forestry.
Secondary livelihoods: Activities that process raw materials into products like weaving, pottery, or small-scale industries.
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2. Small farmers and rich farmers
Answer: Small farmers: Have little land, cannot afford modern tools, and rely on manual labour.
Rich farmers: Own large landholdings, use modern machinery, and produce surplus crops for sale.
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3. Animal husbandry and poultry farming
Answer: Animal husbandry: Rearing of animals like cows, buffaloes and goats for milk, meat and wool.
Poultry farming: Rearing of birds like chickens and ducks for eggs and meat.
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Food We Eat, Class- 1, Subject- EVS, Solved exercises
Food We Eat – Exercises with Answers
A. Fill in the Blanks .
1. We eat food (food/air).
2. Food makes us strong (weak/strong).
3. We cannot live for long without water.(water/milk).
4. Breakfast (Breakfast/Dinner) gives us the energy to start the day.
5. We should (should/should not) wash our hands before meals.
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B. Write ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ .
1. We eat dinner in the morning. – No
2. We need food and water to live. – Yes
3. We should eat junk food daily. – No
4. The food eaten at a particular time of a day is called a meal. – Yes
5. We should not eat food at fixed times every day. – No
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D. Guess the Name of the Fruit .
1. I am the king of fruits. You can eat me sliced or drink my juice. I am MANGO.
2. I am red, sweet, and juicy. If you eat me, you stay healthy. I am APPLE.
3. I am green from outside but red from inside. I am a summer delight. I am WATERMELON.
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E. Match the Pairs .
Food — Eat
Water — Drink
Apple — Red
Banana — Yellow
Spinach — Green
Carrot — Red
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F. Time for Meals.
(Times may vary; children can write their own daily schedule)
1. Breakfast – 8:00 AM
2. Lunch – 1:00 PM
3. Dinner – 8:00 PM
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G. List Any Five Food Items You Like in Your Breakfast.
1. Bread
2. Butter
3. Milk
4. Eggs
5. Fruits
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H. Challenge Questions.
1. What harm can it do if Rohan does not wash his hands before or after meals?
Answer: He may get germs on his hands, which can enter his body and make him sick.
2. What is supper?
Answer: Supper is another word for a light evening meal or dinner.
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I. Life Skills.
1. Who has better food habits and why?
Answer: Aman has better food habits because home-cooked food is healthier and cleaner.
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