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Bonku Babu’s Friend 14

Class — V, Subject — English, Lesson — 14 , Real English

A. Questions and answers

1.Who was Ang?

Ans : Ang was an Alien from the planet Craneus.

2. How did Ang come to earth?

Ans : Ang accidentally landed on earth when he intended to go to Pluto.

3. What did he tell Bonku Babu about his planet and about himself?

Ans : Ang felt, proud describing himself as a superior being who knew 14000 languages.

4. What impression did Ang create in Bonku Babu’s mind?

Ans : Ang’s pride and confidence left Bonku Babu feeling that Ang was a powerful and intelligent being.

5. Why did Pancha Ghosh so excited at the Sunday meeting?

Ans: Pancha Ghosh excited at the Sunday meeting because he was going to tell everyone about bamboo grove ,where all the bamboo around the pond had shed all their leaves.

6. What was the first thing that Bonku Babu did on entering Sripati Babu’s house?

Ans : Bonku Babu burst into a gaffow and laughed loudly for a whole minute as soon as he entered Sripati Babu’s house.

7. Did the meeting with Ang change Bonku Babu in any way? Give reasons for your answer.

Ans: Yes, Bonku Babu got the courage to stand up for himself after meeting Ang, because he was the only person to not make fun of him. Often people get the courage to stand up for what is right when they have get support from others.

8. Banku Babu had something to say to the people in Sripati Babu’s house. Write against each of their names what he told them.

Ans : Chandi Babu: at your age, hiding other people’s shoes and umbrellas is not just childish, but totally wrong. Kindly bring my umbrella and brown Canvas shoes to my house tomorrow.

Nidhi Babu : if you call me Bu,nkum ‘ I will call you Nitwit and you must learn to live with that.

Shripati Babu : you are an important men and must have hangers- on, but please count me out from today.

Pancha Babu: you are here as well! l Let me inform you that last night, an Ang arrived from the planet Craneus and landed on the pond in your bamboo grove. We had a long chat. The Ang was most amiable.

B2 Ang has been described as a strange creature very different from humans complete the following table with details of his appearance.

Head : Round and Shiny with no hair.

Eyes : Large, bright yellow ,growing

Ears : Tiny holes on each side of the head

Nose : no visible nose, only two holes

Mouth : A large gaping hole

Arms and legs : Long, thin arms and legs

Hair : No hair

Body : Covered with a shiny pink outfit

B3.

C1.

Match the words in Column A with those in Column B to get some commonly used compound words.

A B

arm cycle

atom friend

foot chair

lamp dream

black bomb

dark worm

glow ball

day room

pen friend

motor board

Ans : arm — chair

atom — bomb

foot — ball

lamp — post

black — board

dark — room

glow — worm

day — dream

pen — friend

motor — cycle

C2. Complete the following sentences with the compound words that you got by solving C1

1. My uncle has broad a beautiful red motorcycle which can go very fast.

2. We love playing football in the rain.

3. The teacher drew the figure of a human heart on the blackboard.

4. Divya’s grandmother had a pen friend who lived in Switzerland.

5. The lamp post outside my house broke yesterday.

6. You can see the glow worm shining in the dark forest.

7.Photographs are developed in a dark room.

8. The world will not survive if people start fighting with the atom bomb.

9. My grandfather was sleeping in his day dream.

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The State government-its working and rules

D. Define the following terms.

Council of Ministers

Answer: The council of Ministers is headed by the Chief Minister and includes cabinet ministers and other ministers.

2. Deadlock

Answer: A situation where no progress can be made or no advancement is possible due to disagreement among parties or within a legislature.

3. Proportional representation

Answer : An electoral system in which seats in a legislature are allocated to political parties in proportion to the number of votes each party receives in an election.

4. Simple majority system

Answer: An election system in which the candidate or party that recieves more votes, than any other wins. It does not require an absolute majority.

E. Very short answer questions.

What is federalism?

Answer: Federalism is s system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units (like states and provinces.

2. How are the powers of a state government divided?

Answer: The powers of a state government are divided into three branches : the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary.

3. Write about the term of the Legislative Assembly.

Answer: The term of the Legislative Assembly is typically five years, unless dissolved sooner.

4. When are the sessions of the Legislative Assembly held?

Answer: Sessions are held at regular intervals, usually including Budget, Monsoon and Winter session.

5. Explain the composition of the state Legislative Council.

Answer:It’s composition includes members elected by the Legislative Assembly, graduates, teachers, and local authority members as well as members nominated by the Governor.

F. Short answer type questions

1. Describe the main functions of the state legislature

Answer: Making law,s approving the budget, debating policies, representing public interest, and holding the executive accountable.

2. Difference between the Legislative Assembly and legislative council

Answer: The Legislative Assembly is the directly elected lower house; The Legislative Council is the indirectly elected Upper house.

3. How is a Legislative Assembly constituted

Answer A Legislative Assembly is constituted through direct elections where representatives are elected by the voters in their respective constituencies. The number seats is determined based on the population of the state.

4. Mention Qualifications necessary to become an MLA

Answer: To become a member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) a person must be the citizen of the country, at least 25 years old, and meet other qualifications as specified by the electoral laws,such as not holding any office of profit under the government.

5. They Chief Minister is the real hat of the state executive elaborate

Answer: The Chief Minister is the head of the state government and leads the executive branch. They are responsible for implementing policies, overseeing the functioning of various departments, and representing the state both internally and externally.

G. Long answer type questions.

1. Describe the process by which a bill becomes a law.

Answer: A bill goes through several stages before becoming a law:

(i) Introduction: The bill is introduced in either house of the legislature.

(ii)First reading: The bill is read out and members discuss its general principles.

(iii)Committee stage: The bill is examined in detail by a committee.

(iv) Second reading: The bill is debated and may be amended.

(v) Third Reading: The final version of the bill is debated and voted on.

(vi) Approval by the other house: The bill is sent to the other house for similar consideration.

(vii) Presidential assent: If both houses pass the bill, it is sent to the president (or governor in case of state bill) for assent.

(viii)Becoming law: Once the president (or governor) signs the bill, it becomes law.

2. Write a short note on Council of Ministers.

Answer: The Council of Ministers composed of various ministers including Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of states and Deputy Ministers. They are responsible for different portfolios such as defense, finance, health etc. The Council of Ministers aids and advises the President (or Governor) and is collectively responsible to the legislature.

3. Explain the powers and functions of the Governor.

Answer: The Governor is the constitutional head of a state and performs various functions including:

(i) Summoning and Proroguing sessions of the state legislature.

(ii) Giving assent to bills passed by the state legislature.

(iii) Appointing the Chief Minister and other ministers.

Life in Deserts, Chapter – 7, Social science, Class – 7, solved exercises.

B. Match the option that matches Column A with Column B
1.Camel → (iv) Ship of desert
2. Ladakh → (iii) India
3. Sand dunes → (ii) Sahara
4. Sahara → (i) Africa

C. Give one word answer for the following
1. The world’s largest desert — Sahara
2. The longest river in the world — Nile
3. The main river in Ladakh — Indus
4. Name of a Buddhist monastery in Ladakh — Hemis
5. A nomadic tribe of Sahara Desert — Tuaregs

D. State True or False
1. Sahara lies in North America. — False
2.Sahara has freezing nights and very hot days. — True
3.Sahara was always a dry desert. — False
4. Ladakh is a hot desert. — False
5. Robin is a species of birds. — True

Short Answer Type Questions
1. Write a note on the topography and climatic conditions of the Sahara Desert.

Answer:
The Sahara Desert is the world’s largest hot desert located in Africa. It has sand dunes, rocky plateaus, gravel plains and mountains. The climate is extremely hot and dry with very little rainfall. Days are very hot while nights become very cold.

2. Write a few lines on the people of the Sahara Desert.

Answer:
The people of the Sahara Desert are mostly nomads such as the Tuaregs and Bedouins. They rear animals like camels, goats and sheep. People wear loose clothes to protect themselves from heat and sandstorms. Oasis regions support farming and settlements.

3. “Life in the Sahara Desert is changing day-by-day.” How? Justify the statement.
Modern technology, roads, transport and communication have changed life in the Sahara Desert. Discovery of oil and minerals has increased economic activities. Better healthcare, education and tourism have also improved living conditions.

4. What do you know about the location and tourism of the Ladakh Desert?
Ladakh is a cold desert situated in the northern part of India in the state of Ladakh. It lies between the Karakoram Range and the Zanskar Range. Tourists visit Ladakh for its beautiful mountains, monasteries, glaciers and adventure sports like trekking.

5. Write a short note on the flora and fauna of the Ladakh region.
Ladakh has sparse vegetation because of the cold climate. Willow, poplar and fruit trees like apple and apricot grow there. Animals found in Ladakh include yak, sheep, goats, wild goats and snow leopard. Birds like raven and hoopoe are also seen.

III. Long Answer Type Questions
1. Describe the soil and water conservation techniques practised by the people of Ladakh.

Answer:
People of Ladakh practise various methods to conserve soil and water because water is scarce there. They store melting glacier water in tanks and channels for irrigation. Small canals are made to carry water to fields. Trees and grasses are planted to prevent soil erosion. People use water carefully and avoid wastage.

2. Give a brief account of the largest desert of the world.

Answer:
The Sahara Desert is the largest hot desert in the world and is located in Africa. It covers many countries such as Algeria, Egypt, Libya and Sudan. The desert has sand dunes, rocky plateaus and mountains. The climate is very hot and dry with very little rainfall. Vegetation includes cactus, date palms and acacia trees. Animals like camels, goats and foxes are found there.
3. Why do you think cactus and thorny bushes are the characteristic vegetation of deserts?

Answer:
Cactus and thorny bushes can survive in dry conditions with very little water. Their leaves are reduced to thorns to reduce water loss. Thick stems store water for long periods. Deep roots help them absorb water from the soil quickly.

4. Give reasons why the people of Sahara Desert wear heavy robes.

Answer:
People of the Sahara wear heavy robes to protect themselves from the hot sun, dry winds and sandstorms. The loose robes also help keep the body cool during the day and warm at night.
5. Zoji La pass plays a significant role in the Ladakh region. How?

Answer:
Zoji La is an important mountain pass that connects Ladakh with Kashmir. It helps in transportation, trade and tourism. The pass is also important for defence and movement of goods and people.

IV. Source Based Questions
1. In which country is Ladakh situated?
Answer: (c) India
2. The main attractions in Ladakh are
Answer: (d) All of these
3. The capital of Ladakh is
Answer: (a) Leh
4. Which fruits are grown in Ladakh in summers?
Answer: (d) All of these

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Natural Disasters and Mitigation, Chapter – 10, Social Studies, Class – 5, solved exercises.

A. Answers to the MCQs
1. Which of the following is not a natural disaster?
Answer: (c) Accident
2. Which of the following statements regarding flood is wrong?
Answer: (c) It occurs only in hilly areas.
3. The scarcity of water causes:
Answer: (d) drought
4. Cyclones are frequent in the ________.
Answer: (b) coastal areas
5. Which of the following types of media help in connecting people during disasters?
Answer: (d) all of these

B. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. What does epidemics mean?
Answer: Epidemics are diseases that spread on a very large scale and affect many people in a short time.

2. Name any two organisations that provide relief and support during natural calamities.
Answer: Red Cross and NGOs.

3. Who help in maintaining law and order during natural calamities?
Answer: The police and armed forces help in maintaining law and order.

4. What is drought?
Answer: Drought is a condition caused by scarcity of rainfall and water for a long period.
5. Name the areas affected by the cyclones.
Answer: Coastal areas are mainly affected by cyclones.

C. Short Answer Type Questions
1. What are the results of droughts?
Answer: Droughts cause scarcity of water and food grains. Crops fail, animals suffer, and people face many hardships.

2. What are the reasons of cyclones?
Answer: Cyclones occur due to low-pressure systems over the sea where winds move at very high speed.

3. List five agencies that help during a natural disaster.
Answer:
Police
Armed forces
NGOs
Red Cross
Medical teams

4. How can a community be helpful during a disaster?
Answer: A community can help by rescuing people, providing food, clothes, shelter, medicines, and supporting affected families.

5. Give a short note on the post calamitic impacts.
Answer: Natural disasters cause heavy loss of life and property. They may also lead to diseases, shortage of food and water, and damage to roads, houses, and crops.

D. Fill in the blanks
1. In hilly areas, heavy rains cause landslides.
2. The main occupation of people is agriculture in India.
3. There is a great difference between temperature and pressure conditions on land and sea in cyclone prone areas.
4. Earthquakes are caused by disturbances within the earth.
5. Epidemics are caused due to unhygienic conditions after disasters.
6. Televisions, radio and newspapers play an important role in connecting people.
7. Natural disasters cause a great damage to life and property.

E. Correctly Match List I with List II
List I.List II
(i) Floods
(d) excessive rain

(ii) Droughts
(e) scarcity of food

(iii) Epidemics
(b) cholera, plague, measles

(iv) Armed forces
(c) rescue operation

(v) UNDMT
(a) rehabilitation of disaster-affected people

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Introduction to History, (History) Class – 6, chapter -1, solved exercises.

A. Choose the correct answer
1. Which of the following is the period of history for which there are no written records?
Answer: (a) Prehistory
2. What is the study of coins known as?
Answer: (c) Numismatics
3. Among the following ancient scripts, which script has not been deciphered yet?
Answer: (c) Harappan
4. The Vedas, the Buddhist Tripitakas, the Jain Angas, Ramayana, and Mahabharata are examples of which of the following?
Answer: (a) Sacred literature
5. Which of the following is the reference point from which dates are counted?
Answer: (a) Birth of Jesus Christ

B. Write T for True and F for False statements
1. Two events for which we have no written records are the discovery of fire and the invention of the wheel.
Answer: T
2. A person who excavates and studies the material remains of the past is known as an archaeologist.
Answer: T
3. The Vedas are an example of secular literature.
Answer: F
4. The study of inscriptions is called numismatics.
Answer: F
5. Temples, forts, palaces and other buildings are referred to as artefacts.
Answer: F

C. Fill in the blanks
1. The study of the past is known as History.
2. Manuscripts were written on palm leaves and on the bark of birch trees.
3. Literary sources refer to written accounts from the past.
4. Monuments, coins, tools, weapons, pottery and jewellery are examples of archaeological sources.
5. Abhijnanasakuntalam by Kalidasa is an example of secular literature.

D. Very Short Answer Type Questions
1. Briefly explain the term “Common Era” (CE).
Answer: Common Era (CE) refers to the period counted from the birth of Jesus Christ and is used in the modern calendar system.

2. What are manuscripts?
Answer: Manuscripts are handwritten records or documents written on materials like palm leaves, bark, cloth or paper.

3. Define archaeology.
Answer: Archaeology is the study of the past through material remains such as tools, coins, pottery and buildings.

4. Give three examples of secular sources.
Answer: Abhijnanasakuntalam, Arthashastra and travel accounts are examples of secular sources.

5. Suppose you are living in 2025 CE. Mention the year of an event that happened 2025 years ago.
Answer: The event happened in 1 BCE.

E. Short Answer Type Questions
1. Why is the study of the past important?
Answer: The study of the past helps us understand how people lived, worked and developed societies. It teaches us about culture, traditions and important events. History also helps us learn from past mistakes and achievements.

2. How do geographical factors play an important role in shaping the history of a region or country?
Answer: Geographical factors like mountains, rivers, climate and soil affect people’s lives, occupations and settlements. Fertile land helps farming, while rivers support transport and trade. Thus, geography influences the development of civilizations.

3. What are the causes of cultural diversity?
Answer: Cultural diversity is caused by differences in language, religion, food habits, clothing, climate and traditions. Migration, trade and interaction among people of different regions also increase cultural diversity.

4. How are dates calculated in history?
Answer: Dates in history are calculated from the birth of Jesus Christ. Years before his birth are called BCE and years after his birth are called CE.

5. Suppose you are a historian. What are the sources that you will use to write history?
Answer: A historian uses literary and archaeological sources such as manuscripts, inscriptions, coins, monuments, tools, pottery and travel accounts to write history.

F. Long Answer Type Questions
1. What are the different sources of history?
Answer:
The sources of history are mainly divided into two types—literary sources and archaeological sources. Literary sources include manuscripts, religious books, secular literature and travel accounts. Archaeological sources include inscriptions, coins, monuments, tools, pottery, jewellery and buildings. Historians study these sources carefully to understand the life, culture, economy and administration of people in the past. These sources help us reconstruct history and learn about ancient civilizations.

2. What are the types of literary sources? Discuss them in detail.
Answer:
Literary sources are written records of the past. They are mainly of two types—religious and secular literature. Religious literature includes the Vedas, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Tripitakas and Jain Angas. These books provide information about religion and society. Secular literature includes plays, poems, biographies, travel accounts and books like Arthashastra and Abhijnanasakuntalam. These sources help historians understand politics, economy, culture and daily life of people.

3. What are archaeological sources? Explain how archaeologists use sources to reconstruct the past.
Answer:
Archaeological sources are material remains of the past such as coins, tools, pottery, inscriptions, monuments and jewellery. Archaeologists excavate ancient sites and carefully study these objects. By examining them, they learn about people’s lifestyle, occupation, trade, culture and religion. Coins provide information about rulers and economy, while inscriptions tell about important events. Thus, archaeological sources help reconstruct the history of ancient civilizations.

4. Despite lack of road and transportation, people travelled from one part of the subcontinent to another. Discuss the reasons.
Answer:
People travelled in ancient times for many reasons even though transport facilities were limited. Traders travelled to exchange goods and earn profit. Pilgrims travelled to visit religious places. Scholars and students travelled to gain knowledge. Kings and soldiers travelled for administration and wars. Some people also travelled in search of better opportunities and new settlements. Rivers, mountain passes and sea routes helped them move from one region to another.

G. Differentiate between the following
1. Prehistory and History
Prehistory. . History

Period without Period with writen

written records. . Records

Information is obtained. Information is

from archaeological obtained from

sources. Written and

archaeological sources

2. Manuscripts and Inscriptions

Manuscripts. Inscriptions
Handwritten documents Writings carved on Written on palm leaves, stone,matel,pillars.

bark or paper. Permanent and

long lasting.

3. Archaeological and Literary Sources of History

Archaeological Sources. Literary Sources
Material remains of the Written records

past. of the past.

Examples: coins, pottery, examples:

tools. manuscripts,

religious books.

Globes and Maps Help Us, Class – 5, Social Studies solved exercises

A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Q1. Large landmasses of the earth are known as:
👉 Ans: (c) Continents
Q2. It is the true model of the earth.
👉 Ans: (d) Globe
Q3. Which of the following maps shows different countries and their political divisions?
👉 Ans: (b) Political maps
Q4. It is not a cardinal direction.
👉 Ans: (c) South-west
Q5. Which of the following statements regarding the scale is wrong?
👉 Ans: (c) Scale shows the distance between the same places on the ground

B. Very Short Answer Questions
Q1. Define the term map.
👉 Ans: A map is a drawing of the Earth or a part of it on a flat surface.
Q2. Write down the cardinal directions.
👉 Ans: North, South, East, and West.
Q3. What do you know about physical maps?
👉 Ans: Physical maps show natural features like mountains, rivers, plains, and plateaus.
Q4. What is a large scale map?
👉 Ans: A large scale map shows a small area in detail.

Q5. Which colour is used to show water on the maps?
👉 Ans: Blue colour.
C. Short Answer Questions
Q1. Differentiate between the map and a sketch.
👉 Ans:
A map is drawn according to scale and is accurate.
A sketch is not drawn to scale and is rough.

Q2. What do you know about the sub-directions?
👉 Ans: Sub-directions are directions between the main directions, such as North-East, North-West, South-East, and South-West.
Q3. Give a short account on the different types of maps.
👉 Ans:
There are three main types of maps:
Physical maps (show natural features)
Political maps (show countries and boundaries)
Thematic maps (show specific information like climate, population)

Q4. What are the significances of the conventional symbols?
👉 Ans: Conventional symbols help us understand maps easily by representing features like roads, rivers, and buildings with signs.

✏️ Short Answer Type Questions
1. Differentiate between a map and a sketch.

Answer:
Map:
A map is a drawing of the Earth or a part of it made with proper scale and directions. It is accurate.
Sketch:
A sketch is a rough drawing without scale. It is not very accurate and is drawn from memory.

2. What do you know about sub-directions?
Sub-directions are the directions between the main (cardinal) directions.
They are:
North-East (NE)
North-West (NW)
South-East (SE)
South-West (SW)
They help us to find locations more accurately.

3. Give a short account of the different types of maps.
There are three main types of maps:
Physical maps – show natural features like mountains, rivers, plains
Political maps – show countries, states, cities and boundaries
Thematic maps – show specific information like rainfall, population, crops

4. What are the significances of conventional symbols?
Conventional symbols are standard symbols used on maps to represent features like roads, rivers, buildings, etc.
Importance:

Make maps easy to understand
Help people from different places read maps easily
Save space and time
Provide clear information without writing long descriptions.

D. Compare the following
Q1. Political and Physical maps
👉 Ans:
Political maps show countries, states, and boundaries.
Physical maps show natural features like mountains, rivers, and plains.
Q2. Physical and Thematic maps
👉 Ans:
Physical maps show natural features.
Thematic maps show specific information like climate, population, or rainfall.

Q3. Cardinal and sub-directions
👉 Ans:
Cardinal directions are North, South, East, and West.
Sub-directions are North-East, North-West, South-East, and South-West.

Q4. Map and Sketch
👉 Ans:
A map is drawn to scale and is accurate.
A sketch is not drawn to scale and is rough.

E. Fill in the blanks
1. A map which has no scale is called a sketch.
2. A globe is the model of the earth.
3. The water-bodies are shown in blue colour.
4. North is always towards the top of the map.
5. A map can be read easily through its symbols.
6. Scale is the ratio between map distance and ground distance.

F. Correctly match List I with List II
(I) Mosque → (b) symbol (picture)
(ii) Statement Scale → (e) 1 cm : 1 km
(iii) Post Office → (d) P.O.
(iv) Metalled Road → (a) dashed line
(v) International Boundary → (c) line

G. True / False
1. A map is a store house of information.
👉 True
2. Light blue colour is used to show deep water on the map.
👉 False (Dark blue shows deep water)
3. Large waterbodies of the earth surface are called oceans.
👉 True
4. A book of maps is called cartography.
👉 False (It is called an atlas)

H. Write the correct word
1. It is the science of map-making.
👉 Cartography
2. In this method a line is divided into a few equal parts.
👉 Linear scale
3. It shows large areas of the earth.
👉 Small scale map
4. It is the model of the earth.
👉 Globe

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I Wish I Were, Class 3, Subject – English, solved exercises.

A. Multiple-Choice Questions
The child goes to school at
👉 (b) 10 am
The man who sells the crystal bangles in the poem is a
👉 (a) vendor
At 4 o’clock the child returns from the
👉 (c) garden
The word that means ‘to make’ is
👉 (b) soil
The child does not want anyone to stop him from
👉 (c) digging

B. Read, Think and Answer
1. What does the bangle-seller cries out?
👉 The bangle-seller cries, “Bangles, crystal bangles!”

2. Which two things attract the child when he sees the gardener digging the ground?
👉 The child is attracted by:
The gardener’s spade
The act of digging the soil

3. When does the child return from school?
👉 The child returns at 4 o’clock in the afternoon.

4. At what time do you return from school?

👉 I return from school at 2.20P.M in the afternoon.

5. How does the child want to spend his day if he becomes a hawker?
👉 He wants to move freely and sell things like a hawker without anyone stopping him.

7. What do you wish to become?

👉 I wish to become a teacher.
OR
👉 I wish to become a doctor.

C. Match the following words to their meaning
soils → (2) makes dirty
lonely → (1) to be alone
spade → (4) instrument used for digging
hawker → (3) one who sells things in a street

D. Match the following persons to their right names
A person who makes machines → Engineer
One who flies an aeroplane → Pilot
One who treats our teeth → Dentist
One who issues and takes back books in a library → Librarian
A person who edits newspapers → Editor
A person who sells tea, sugar → Grocer
One who cures bones → Orthopaedist
One who examines eyes and provides spectacles → Optician

E. Circle the correct spelling
👉 beginning
👉 hawker
👉 quarrel
👉 gardener

Grasping Grammar–

A. Rewrite the sentences using capital letters
Q1. rohan wants to become a golfer.
👉 Ans: Rohan wants to become a golfer.
Q2. he met his friend rahul.
👉 Ans: He met his friend Rahul.
Q3. we went to nagpur to meet an old aunt.
👉 Ans: We went to Nagpur to meet an old aunt.
Q4. my friend is from bihar.
👉 Ans: My friend is from Bihar.

B. Collective Noun (Examples)
Q1. What is a collective noun?
👉 Ans: A collective noun is the name of a group of people, animals, or things taken together.
Q2. Give examples of collective nouns.
👉 Ans:
A colony of ants
A swarm of bees
A pride of lions
An army of soldiers
A bouquet of flowers
A bunch of grapes

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Agriculture, Social Science, Class- 8, Solved exercises

Paddy field in my village

1. Answer the following questions

(i) What is agriculture?
Answer:- Agriculture is the practice of growing crops and rearing animals to meet human needs for food, fibre, and other products.

(ii) Name the factors influencing agriculture.
Answer:- The main factors influencing agriculture are climate, soil, topography, rainfall, irrigation, and technology.

(iii) What is shifting cultivation? What are its disadvantages?
Answer:- Shifting cultivation is a farming method in which a patch of land is cleared by cutting and burning trees, crops are grown for a few years, and then the land is left fallow while the farmer moves to a new area.
Disadvantages:

Causes deforestation

Reduces soil fertility

Leads to soil erosion

(iv) What is plantation agriculture?
Answer:-Plantation agriculture is a type of farming in which a single crop is grown on a large scale for sale, often in tropical regions.
Examples: tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane.

(v) Name the fibre crops and name the climatic conditions required for their growth.
Answer:- Fibre crops: Cotton and jute

Cotton: Grows well in black soil and warm climate with moderate rainfall.

Jute: Requires hot and humid climate with heavy rainfall.

—

2. Tick the correct answer

(i) Horticulture means
✅ (a) Growing of fruits and vegetables

(ii) Golden fibre refers to
✅ (c) Jute

(iii) Leading producers of coffee
✅ (a) Brazil

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3. Give reasons

(i) In India agriculture is a primary activity.
Answer:- Because a large section of India’s population depends on farming for their livelihood and it involves the direct use of natural resources.

(ii) Different crops are grown in different regions.
Answer:- Because climatic conditions, soil types, and availability of water vary from region to region.

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4. Distinguish between the following

(i) Primary activities and Tertiary activities

Primary Activities Tertiary Activities

These involve the use of natural resources directly from nature.

These provide services that support primary and secondary activities.
Example: Agriculture, fishing, mining. Example: Transport, banking, trade, education.
They form the base of all economic activities. They help in the smooth running of all economic activities.

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(ii) Subsistence farming and Intensive farming

Subsistence Farming Intensive Farming

The farmer grows crops mainly for his own family’s consumption. The farmer grows crops for sale in the market.
Usually practised on small pieces of land using simple tools. Practised on small farms but with large labour input and modern techniques.
Yield is generally low. Yield is high due to better use of inputs like fertilizers and irrigation.

Public Facilities, class -8, Subject -Social Science (Social and Political Life), solved exercises.

1. Why do you think there are so few cases of private water supply in the world?

Answer:
Water is a basic necessity for life. Supplying water to everyone requires huge infrastructure and investment, which private companies usually avoid because profit is low. Also, water is considered a public good, so governments take responsibility to ensure equal access for all people.

2. Do you think water in Chennai is available to and affordable by all? Discuss.

Answer:
No, water in Chennai is not equally available or affordable to all.
Rich people can buy water from private tankers, while poor people depend on irregular public supply. During water shortages, poor people suffer more. This shows inequality in access to water.

3. How is the sale of water by farmers to water dealers in Chennai affecting local people
Can local people object? Can the government do anything?

Answer:
The sale of groundwater by farmers reduces water levels, causing shortage for local people.
Yes, local people can object through protests and complaints.
The government can:
Regulate groundwater use
Ban illegal extraction
Improve public water supply

4. Why are most private hospitals and private schools located in cities and not in rural areas?

Answer:
Private hospitals and schools are mostly in cities because:
(I) Cities have more paying customers
(ii) Better infrastructure and facilities
(iii) Higher profits
(iv) Rural areas have low income and fewer facilities, so private institutions avoid them.

5. Do you think the distribution of public facilities in our country is adequate and fair? Give an example.

Answer:
No, the distribution is not adequate or fair.
For example, cities have better hospitals, schools, and roads, while villages often lack proper water supply and transport.

6. Public facilities in my area
(I) Facility
Is it available?
How can it be improved?
(ii) Water
Yes, but irregular
Regular supply, clean water
(iii) Electricity
Yes
Reduce power cuts
(iv) Roads
Partly
Repair damaged roads
(v) Public Transport
Limited
More buses, better timing

7. Are these public facilities shared equally by all people in your area?

Answer:
No, public facilities are not shared equally.
Poor people face more problems in accessing water, healthcare, and transport compared to rich people.

8. How does the Census collect data on public facilities?

Answer:
The Census collects data by:
Visiting houses
Asking questions about water, electricity, toilets, etc.
Recording information every 10 years

9. What could be the impact of private educational institutions growing and government institutions becoming less important?

Answer:
The impact may be:
Education becomes expensive
Poor students suffer
Inequality increases
Government schools are important to ensure education for all.

Republic day Speech for a student

High-quality Republic Day speech for a student, suitable for school:

Respected Principal, honoured teachers, and my dear friends,
Today, we proudly celebrate 26 January – the Republic Day of India. On this day in 1950, our country adopted its Constitution and became a sovereign democratic republic.
Our Constitution gives us important rights and duties and teaches us the values of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. These values guide us to become good citizens of our nation.
As students, it is our responsibility to study sincerely, respect our teachers, and contribute positively to society. The future of our country depends on us.
Let us promise to work hard and serve our nation with honesty and unity.

Jai Hind! Jai Bharat!

Republic day Speech

Respected Principal, my dear colleagues, and beloved students,
Today we gather to celebrate 26 January – the Republic Day of India. On this historic day in 1950, our nation adopted the Constitution of India, laying the foundation of our democracy.
As teachers, we believe that education shapes responsible citizens. The Constitution teaches us the values of justice, equality, liberty, and fraternity, and it is our duty to pass these values on to our students.
Republic Day reminds us that freedom comes with responsibility. Let us encourage our students to respect the Constitution, serve the nation with honesty, and uphold unity in diversity.
May we all work together to build an India that is educated, disciplined, and compassionate.

Jai Hind!

Equality in Democracy, Class – 7, Subject – Social science, solved exercises

A. Choose the correct answer
1. India is a democratic country as it has:
(a) elected head of the state
(b) elected representative of the people
(c) Universal Adult Franchise
(d) all of these
Answer: (d) all of these

2. Political equality is affected when there is:
(a) only one political party
(b) multi-party system
(c) Universal Adult Franchise
(d) none of these
Answer: (a) only one political party

3. Rule of law means:
(a) special laws for elected leaders
(b) same law for all the citizens
(c) special laws for ruling the country
(d) when armed forces rule the country
Answer: (b) same law for all the citizens

4. “Equal wages for equal work” means there is:
(a) political equality
(b) social equality
(c) economic equality
(d) religious equality
Answer: (c) economic equality

B. Fill in the blanks
1. The Indian __________ is the primary source of all laws, rules and regulations in our country.
Answer: Constitution
2. The __________ is the __________ head of the executive.
Answer: President, nominal
3. In India, the practice of bonded labour restricts __________ freedom.
Answer: personal
4. Indian citizens can vote after attaining the age of __________ years.
Answer: 18
5. __________ gave the term “Unity in Diversity” for India.
Answer: Jawaharlal Nehru

C. Match the columns
Column A | Column B
Rosa Parks | (b) Civil Rights Movement in the USA
Adult in India | (c) 18 years and above
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar | (d) Fought for the self-respect of the backward classes
Mid-day meals | (a) Special scheme for school children

D. Very Short Answer Type Questions (20–30 words)
1. What is the primary source of laws in India?
Answer: The Constitution of India is the primary source of all laws, rules and regulations in the country.

2. Write the names of the three organs of the government.
Answer: The three organs of the government are the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary.

3. Which revolution led to the foundation of individual dignity? What was its main slogan?
Answer: The French Revolution led to the foundation of individual dignity. Its main slogan was Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.

4. Which article of the Constitution of India prohibits discrimination?
Answer: Article 15 of the Constitution of India prohibits discrimination.

5. How can you say that India follows Universal Adult Franchise?
Answer: India follows Universal Adult Franchise because every citizen above 18 years has the right to vote without discrimination.

E. Short Answer Type Questions (50–60 words)
1. What is meant by equality in a democracy?
Answer: Equality in a democracy means that all citizens are treated equally before law. Everyone enjoys equal rights and freedoms without discrimination based on caste, religion, gender or economic status.

2. What is social equality?
Answer: Social equality means that all individuals are treated equally in society. There is no discrimination based on caste, religion, gender or social background, and everyone gets equal respect and opportunities.

3. Which movement swept through various nations demanding the right to vote for women in the 19th and 20th centuries?
Answer: The Women’s Suffrage Movement swept through various nations in the 19th and 20th centuries demanding voting rights for women.

4. What steps have governments in India taken to bring social equality?
Answer: The Indian government has taken steps like abolition of untouchability, reservation for backward classes, right to education, mid-day meal scheme and laws against discrimination to promote social equality.

5. What does economic equality mean?
Answer: Economic equality means equal opportunities to earn a livelihood. It includes equal pay for equal work, fair wages and reducing the gap between the rich and the poor.

F. Long Answer Type Questions
(80–100 words)
1. Political equality is provided by the Indian Constitution. Explain.
Answer:
Political equality means giving every citizen equal political rights. The Indian Constitution provides political equality through Universal Adult Franchise, which gives all citizens above 18 years the right to vote without discrimination. It ensures equal opportunity to contest elections and form political parties. The Constitution also guarantees equality before law and prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste, religion, gender or class. Thus, political power lies with the people, making Indian democracy inclusive and representative.

2. How is social equality sought to be achieved by the Constitution of India?
Answer:
The Constitution of India aims to achieve social equality by removing social discrimination and inequality. Article 15 prohibits discrimination on the grounds of caste, religion, race, sex or place of birth. Untouchability has been abolished under Article 17. The government has introduced reservations, laws against social injustice, and welfare schemes for backward classes, women and minorities. Education, equal opportunities and legal protection help promote dignity and equality for all citizens.

3. What is meant by economic equality? How is it sought to be achieved?
Answer:
Economic equality means providing equal opportunities to earn a livelihood and reducing economic disparities among citizens. It does not mean equal income for all but fair wages and equal pay for equal work. The Constitution promotes economic equality through minimum wage laws, labour welfare laws, land reforms and poverty alleviation programmes. Government schemes for employment, education and social security help reduce the gap between the rich and the poor.

4. Discuss how the Indian Constitution divides powers between different organs of the government.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution divides powers among three organs of government—the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. The Legislature makes laws, the Executive implements laws, and the Judiciary interprets laws. This separation of powers prevents misuse of authority and ensures smooth functioning of democracy. Each organ works independently but also keeps a check on the others through a system of checks and balances. This division protects citizens’ rights and maintains the rule of law.

5. What privileges have been given to Indian citizens keeping in mind Article 15 of the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
Article 15 of the Indian Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. At the same time, it allows special provisions for women, children and socially backward classes. Reservation in education and jobs, scholarships, and welfare schemes are provided to uplift disadvantaged groups. These privileges help promote equality, social justice and inclusive development, ensuring that weaker sections get equal opportunities in society.

G. Higher-Order Thinking Skills
1. The government has to accommodate various differences present in our country. Why is it so?
Answer:
India is a diverse country with different religions, languages, cultures, castes and traditions. To maintain unity and harmony, the government must accommodate these differences. Respecting diversity ensures equality, prevents discrimination and strengthens democracy. Inclusive policies help people feel secure and respected, promoting national integration.

2. What is the significance of equality in democracy?
Answer:
Equality is the foundation of democracy. It ensures that all citizens enjoy equal rights, opportunities and protection under law. Without equality, democracy cannot function properly, as discrimination leads to injustice and social conflict. Equality promotes dignity, participation and trust in democratic institutions.

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