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Bonku Babu’s Friend 14

Class — V, Subject — English, Lesson — 14 , Real English

A. Questions and answers

1.Who was Ang?

Ans : Ang was an Alien from the planet Craneus.

2. How did Ang come to earth?

Ans : Ang accidentally landed on earth when he intended to go to Pluto.

3. What did he tell Bonku Babu about his planet and about himself?

Ans : Ang felt, proud describing himself as a superior being who knew 14000 languages.

4. What impression did Ang create in Bonku Babu’s mind?

Ans : Ang’s pride and confidence left Bonku Babu feeling that Ang was a powerful and intelligent being.

5. Why did Pancha Ghosh so excited at the Sunday meeting?

Ans: Pancha Ghosh excited at the Sunday meeting because he was going to tell everyone about bamboo grove ,where all the bamboo around the pond had shed all their leaves.

6. What was the first thing that Bonku Babu did on entering Sripati Babu’s house?

Ans : Bonku Babu burst into a gaffow and laughed loudly for a whole minute as soon as he entered Sripati Babu’s house.

7. Did the meeting with Ang change Bonku Babu in any way? Give reasons for your answer.

Ans: Yes, Bonku Babu got the courage to stand up for himself after meeting Ang, because he was the only person to not make fun of him. Often people get the courage to stand up for what is right when they have get support from others.

8. Banku Babu had something to say to the people in Sripati Babu’s house. Write against each of their names what he told them.

Ans : Chandi Babu: at your age, hiding other people’s shoes and umbrellas is not just childish, but totally wrong. Kindly bring my umbrella and brown Canvas shoes to my house tomorrow.

Nidhi Babu : if you call me Bu,nkum ‘ I will call you Nitwit and you must learn to live with that.

Shripati Babu : you are an important men and must have hangers- on, but please count me out from today.

Pancha Babu: you are here as well! l Let me inform you that last night, an Ang arrived from the planet Craneus and landed on the pond in your bamboo grove. We had a long chat. The Ang was most amiable.

B2 Ang has been described as a strange creature very different from humans complete the following table with details of his appearance.

Head : Round and Shiny with no hair.

Eyes : Large, bright yellow ,growing

Ears : Tiny holes on each side of the head

Nose : no visible nose, only two holes

Mouth : A large gaping hole

Arms and legs : Long, thin arms and legs

Hair : No hair

Body : Covered with a shiny pink outfit

B3.

C1.

Match the words in Column A with those in Column B to get some commonly used compound words.

A B

arm cycle

atom friend

foot chair

lamp dream

black bomb

dark worm

glow ball

day room

pen friend

motor board

Ans : arm — chair

atom — bomb

foot — ball

lamp — post

black — board

dark — room

glow — worm

day — dream

pen — friend

motor — cycle

C2. Complete the following sentences with the compound words that you got by solving C1

1. My uncle has broad a beautiful red motorcycle which can go very fast.

2. We love playing football in the rain.

3. The teacher drew the figure of a human heart on the blackboard.

4. Divya’s grandmother had a pen friend who lived in Switzerland.

5. The lamp post outside my house broke yesterday.

6. You can see the glow worm shining in the dark forest.

7.Photographs are developed in a dark room.

8. The world will not survive if people start fighting with the atom bomb.

9. My grandfather was sleeping in his day dream.

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The State government-its working and rules

D. Define the following terms.

Council of Ministers

Answer: The council of Ministers is headed by the Chief Minister and includes cabinet ministers and other ministers.

2. Deadlock

Answer: A situation where no progress can be made or no advancement is possible due to disagreement among parties or within a legislature.

3. Proportional representation

Answer : An electoral system in which seats in a legislature are allocated to political parties in proportion to the number of votes each party receives in an election.

4. Simple majority system

Answer: An election system in which the candidate or party that recieves more votes, than any other wins. It does not require an absolute majority.

E. Very short answer questions.

What is federalism?

Answer: Federalism is s system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units (like states and provinces.

2. How are the powers of a state government divided?

Answer: The powers of a state government are divided into three branches : the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary.

3. Write about the term of the Legislative Assembly.

Answer: The term of the Legislative Assembly is typically five years, unless dissolved sooner.

4. When are the sessions of the Legislative Assembly held?

Answer: Sessions are held at regular intervals, usually including Budget, Monsoon and Winter session.

5. Explain the composition of the state Legislative Council.

Answer:It’s composition includes members elected by the Legislative Assembly, graduates, teachers, and local authority members as well as members nominated by the Governor.

F. Short answer type questions

1. Describe the main functions of the state legislature

Answer: Making law,s approving the budget, debating policies, representing public interest, and holding the executive accountable.

2. Difference between the Legislative Assembly and legislative council

Answer: The Legislative Assembly is the directly elected lower house; The Legislative Council is the indirectly elected Upper house.

3. How is a Legislative Assembly constituted

Answer A Legislative Assembly is constituted through direct elections where representatives are elected by the voters in their respective constituencies. The number seats is determined based on the population of the state.

4. Mention Qualifications necessary to become an MLA

Answer: To become a member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) a person must be the citizen of the country, at least 25 years old, and meet other qualifications as specified by the electoral laws,such as not holding any office of profit under the government.

5. They Chief Minister is the real hat of the state executive elaborate

Answer: The Chief Minister is the head of the state government and leads the executive branch. They are responsible for implementing policies, overseeing the functioning of various departments, and representing the state both internally and externally.

G. Long answer type questions.

1. Describe the process by which a bill becomes a law.

Answer: A bill goes through several stages before becoming a law:

(i) Introduction: The bill is introduced in either house of the legislature.

(ii)First reading: The bill is read out and members discuss its general principles.

(iii)Committee stage: The bill is examined in detail by a committee.

(iv) Second reading: The bill is debated and may be amended.

(v) Third Reading: The final version of the bill is debated and voted on.

(vi) Approval by the other house: The bill is sent to the other house for similar consideration.

(vii) Presidential assent: If both houses pass the bill, it is sent to the president (or governor in case of state bill) for assent.

(viii)Becoming law: Once the president (or governor) signs the bill, it becomes law.

2. Write a short note on Council of Ministers.

Answer: The Council of Ministers composed of various ministers including Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of states and Deputy Ministers. They are responsible for different portfolios such as defense, finance, health etc. The Council of Ministers aids and advises the President (or Governor) and is collectively responsible to the legislature.

3. Explain the powers and functions of the Governor.

Answer: The Governor is the constitutional head of a state and performs various functions including:

(i) Summoning and Proroguing sessions of the state legislature.

(ii) Giving assent to bills passed by the state legislature.

(iii) Appointing the Chief Minister and other ministers.

Easy explanation for the chapter The Making of the National Movement

🇮🇳 📚 🕊️

THE MAKING OF THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT

1870s–1947 | Class 8 History

Main idea: Indians gradually united against British rule and fought for freedom through political movements, boycotts, Satyagraha, civil disobedience, and other forms of resistance.

🗺️ 1. Why Did Nationalism Rise in India?

Nationalism means love for one’s country and the desire to stand together as a nation.

💰 Economic Exploitation

India supplied cheap raw materials to Britain.
India became a market for British goods.
Traditional handicrafts and industries declined.
Farmers and workers suffered poverty.

👑 Political Causes

British rule weakened Indian rulers, princes and Nawabs.
The Revolt of 1857 failed.
Indians increasingly realised that unity was needed to challenge British rule.

📖 Social and Cultural Awakening

Raja Rammohun Roy
Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Swami Vivekananda

Reformers challenged social evils and encouraged pride in Indian culture.

🏛️ Administrative Unity

Common civil, judicial and revenue systems connected different parts of India. Indians increasingly faced a common colonial government.

🚂 Transport and Communication

Railways, post and telegraphs helped people travel, exchange ideas and discuss common problems.

📰 Press and Literature

Newspapers and journals exposed British policies. Bankim Chandra Chatterji, Rabindranath Tagore and Subramania Bharati inspired patriotic feelings.

🎓 Modern Education

Education exposed Indians to liberty, equality, democracy and nationalism, including ideas associated with the American and French Revolutions.

⚖️ 2. Immediate Causes and Early Organisations

Lord Lytton’s Policies

1877 — Delhi Durbar

Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India during a period of severe famine.

1878 — Vernacular Press Act

Restricted the freedom of newspapers published in Indian languages.

1878 — Arms Act

Restricted Indians from possessing arms without a licence.

Ilbert Bill controversy, 1883

European opposition to the proposal allowing qualified Indian judges to try Europeans revealed racial discrimination. The bill was weakened through compromise.

Early Political Organisations

These associations raised public issues and helped develop political awareness.

1836 — Banga Bhasa Prakasika Sabha

1851 — British Indian Association

1870 — Poona Sarvajanik Sabha

1876 — Indian Association

1884 — Madras Mahajan Sabha

1885 — Bombay Presidency Association

🏛️ 3. Formation of the Indian National Congress

🤝 🇮🇳

DECEMBER 1885 · BOMBAY

The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 through the initiative of retired British civil servant A. O. Hume and Indian political leaders.

📍 First session: Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit Pathshala, Bombay.

👤 President: W. C. Bonnerjee.

👥 Delegates: 72.

🧭 4. Two Early Phases of Congress

🕊️ Moderates

1885–1905

Leaders: Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, W. C. Bonnerjee and Surendranath Banerjea.

Methods: Petitions, prayers and protests; meetings and constitutional appeals.

Demands:

More Indian representation in government.
Separate the judiciary from the executive.
Reduce military spending and land revenue.
Hold Civil Services examinations in India and England.

They initially hoped British justice and reforms would address Indian demands.

🔥 Radicals / Extremists

Especially after 1905

Lal–Bal–Pal:

Lala Lajpat Rai
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Bipin Chandra Pal

They wanted stronger action, mass participation, Swadeshi, boycotts and self-reliance.

Swaraj: Self-rule. Tilak famously declared, “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it.”

📅 5. Major Events: 1905–1919

1905 — Partition of Bengal

Lord Curzon divided Bengal, officially citing administrative convenience. Nationalists believed the partition was intended to weaken nationalism by dividing people.

1905 onwards — Swadeshi and Boycott

Swadeshi: Use Indian-made goods. Boycott: Refuse foreign goods, especially British cloth. Students, women and workers participated; Indian industries and national education were encouraged.

1906 — Muslim League

The All-India Muslim League was founded at Dacca. Its early leaders included the Aga Khan and Nawab Salimullah of Dacca. It initially sought to protect Muslim political interests and was supported by the British government.

1907 — Surat Split

Differences over leadership and methods divided Moderates and Extremists within Congress.

1909 — Morley–Minto Reforms

Introduced separate electorates for Muslims, allowing separate Muslim electorates to choose their representatives.

1914–1918 — First World War

Higher taxes, rising prices, economic hardship and forced recruitment increased Indian discontent.

🧑‍🦳 6. Mahatma Gandhi and Early Satyagraha

🕊️ ✊

Gandhi’s Return

Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in 1915. He developed Satyagraha as a method of resisting injustice through truth and non-violent action.

1917 · Champaran, Bihar

Supported indigo farmers who faced oppressive cultivation demands.

1918 · Kheda, Gujarat

Demanded tax relief for farmers suffering after crop failure.

1918 · Ahmedabad

Supported textile mill workers demanding better wages.

⚠️ Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh

1919 — Rowlatt Act: Allowed detention of political suspects without trial under specified conditions, causing widespread anger.

13 April 1919 — Jallianwala Bagh: General Dyer ordered troops to fire on a gathering in Amritsar. Hundreds were killed or wounded. The massacre shocked India and strengthened opposition to British rule.

🤝 7. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement

Khilafat Movement

Indian Muslim leaders, including the Ali brothers, protested against the treatment and threatened position of the Ottoman Caliph after the First World War.

1920–1922 — Non-Cooperation Movement

Gandhi joined the Khilafat cause with the wider struggle against British rule to build Hindu–Muslim unity and oppose colonial injustice.

What did people do?

🏅 Surrendered British titles and honours.

🏫 Boycotted government schools and colleges.

⚖️ Boycotted law courts and some elections.

👕 Boycotted foreign cloth and promoted Khadi.

🧵 Used the Charkha (spinning wheel) to encourage self-reliance.

Why did it stop? Gandhi suspended the movement in 1922 after the violent incident at Chauri Chaura.

🚩 8. Mid-1920s to 1930s

1923 — Swaraj Party

C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the party to enter legislative councils and oppose British policies from within.

1927 — Simon Commission appointed

The commission was sent to review constitutional reforms. It had no Indian members, so Indians widely boycotted it with the slogan “Simon Go Back!”

1928 — HSRA

The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association became associated with revolutionaries including Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekhar Azad, Sukhdev and Rajguru. They supported revolutionary resistance to British rule.

1920s — Chittagong Armoury Raid

Surya Sen led revolutionaries in an attempt to seize British arms in Chittagong, Bengal, in 1930.

December 1929 — Lahore Session

Under Jawaharlal Nehru’s presidency, Congress adopted the goal of Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence).

26 January 1930

Independence Day was observed by nationalists to affirm the demand for complete independence.

🧂 9. Civil Disobedience Movement and Dandi March

🚶‍♂️ ➜ 🧂

12 March – 6 April 1930

Gandhi marched from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi in Gujarat. On 6 April, he broke the salt law by making salt, challenging the British salt monopoly and tax.

Movement activities

Breaking the salt laws.
Refusing to pay certain taxes.
Picketing shops selling liquor and foreign cloth.
Defying some forest laws.
Participating in peaceful demonstrations and boycotts.

🗓️ 10. The Road to Independence: 1935–1947

1935 — Government of India Act

Provided for provincial autonomy and proposed an all-India federation. The proposed federation did not come into operation.

1937 — Provincial Elections

Congress formed ministries in several provinces after winning elections.

1939 — Second World War

Britain declared India at war without consulting Indian political leaders. Congress ministries resigned in protest.

1942 — Quit India Movement

Congress demanded an immediate end to British rule. Gandhi gave the call “Do or Die.” Many leaders were arrested, but protests continued.

Subhas Chandra Bose and INA

Netaji led the Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) in the struggle against British rule. Famous slogans included “Jai Hind” and “Dilli Chalo.”

1946 — Cabinet Mission

British representatives came to discuss a plan for transferring power and India’s constitutional future. Disagreements prevented agreement on a lasting settlement.

16 August 1946 — Direct Action Day

The Muslim League called for Direct Action to press its demand for Pakistan. Severe communal violence followed, especially in Calcutta.

1947 — Partition and Independence

Lord Mountbatten’s plan led to the partition of British India into India and Pakistan. India became independent on 15 August 1947.

🧠 Quick Revision: Important Dates

1857 Revolt of 1857

1885 Indian National Congress

1905 Partition of Bengal

1906 Muslim League founded

1907 Surat Split

1915 Gandhi returned to India

1919 Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh

1920–22 Non-Cooperation Movement

1923 Swaraj Party

1929 Purna Swaraj resolution

1930 Dandi March

1935 Government of India Act

1942 Quit India Movement

1947 Independence and Partition

⭐ Important Leaders and Their Contributions

Dadabhai Naoroji — Explained the economic drain of India’s wealth.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak — Promoted Swaraj and stronger nationalist action.

Mahatma Gandhi — Led Satyagraha, Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience.

Jawaharlal Nehru — Presided over the 1929 Lahore Congress session.

Bhagat Singh — Revolutionary nationalist associated with HSRA.

Surya Sen — Led the Chittagong Armoury Raid.

Subhas Chandra Bose — Led the INA in the struggle for independence.

💡 Remember the Main Story

Economic exploitation

↓

Growth of nationalism

↓

Congress and early protests

↓

Swadeshi and mass movements

↓

Gandhi’s non-violent struggle

↓

Quit India and other resistance

↓

🇮🇳 INDEPENDENCE — 15 AUGUST 1947

Diwali Turns Sour for Many, solved exercises for this lesson, class – 5, Chapter – 8

Easy Explanation of the Lesson
1. Introduction
Diwali is a festival of lights, happiness and celebration. However, for many people, Diwali became a sad occasion because they were injured while bursting firecrackers.

2. Many People Were Injured
More than 150 people reached different hospitals with eye and burn injuries during Diwali. Four people, including three children, lost the vision in one eye.

3. People Reached Different Hospitals
Many injured people were taken to hospitals for treatment. Some went to the Advanced Eye Centre of PGI, while others were treated at Government Multi-Speciality Hospital and Government Medical College and Hospital.

4. Safety Awareness Had Little Effect
Schools had organised rallies and programmes to teach children about the dangers of bursting crackers and air pollution. However, these programmes seemed to have little effect because the number of injured people increased by 50% compared with the previous year.

5. Madhu Vanshi’s Accident
Madhu Vanshi was an eight-year-old student of Government High School, Sector 24. He tried to burst a bomb without his parents’ knowledge. The bomb exploded before he could get away, injuring his eye.

6. Message of the Lesson
The lesson teaches us that careless use of firecrackers can cause serious injuries. We should celebrate Diwali safely by lighting diyas, spreading happiness and avoiding dangerous firecrackers.

 Important Word Meanings

Sour     — Unpleasant or sad
Injuries. — Harm to the body
Vision.   —   The ability to see
Admitted.   —   Allowed to stay in a hospital for treatment
Risks.    —   Possibilities of danger
Negligible.   —   Too small to be important
Exploded   — Burst suddenly and violently
Similarly. —   In a similar way
Sensitise.   — To make people aware
Pollution. — Harmful substances in the environment
Treatment.   —   Medical care
Crackers. –Fireworks used during celebrations

Main message: Celebrate Diwali safely and avoid dangerous firecrackers.
 Moral
Safety is more important than fireworks. Celebrate Diwali with happiness, care and responsibility.

 First Page: Understanding the Text
1. Which words in the passage mean the same as:
(a) A situation that involves being exposed to danger
Answer: Risks
(b) So small or unimportant as to be not worth considering
Answer: Negligible
(c) Burst or shatter violently
Answer: Exploded
(d) Like something but not exactly the same
Answer: Similarly

2. How was Madhu injured?
Answer: Madhu Vanshi injured his eye when a bomb exploded while he was trying to burst it without his parents’ knowledge.

 Second Page: Grasping Grammar
A. Pair them with the right adjective.
Clouds – Dark
Grass – Fresh
Hill – Steep
Flowers – Beautiful

B. Make new words by adding ‘ly’ as a suffix.
Brave – Bravely
Proud – Proudly
Bright – Brightly
Angry – Angrily
Clean – Cleanly
Intelligent – Intelligently

 Third Page: Grasping Grammar
C. Complete the following table by filling in the forms of verbs.
Present Tense.   Past Tense.           Past Participle
Blow.                     Blew.                     Blown
Drink.                    Drank.                  Drunk
Catch.                    Caught.                  Caught
Know.                    Knew.                     Known
Eat.                         Ate.                          Eaten
Sew.                        Sewed.                    Sewn
Bend.                      Bent.                        Bent
Dream.                   Dreamed                Dreamt
Take.                       Took.                        Taken
Hit.                           Hit.                           Hit

Here
 Chapter 8: Diwali Turns Sour for Many
Extra Questions and Answers
Q1. Why did Diwali turn sour for many people?
Answer: Diwali turned sour for many people because they suffered eye and burn injuries while bursting firecrackers.
Q2. How many people reached hospitals with injuries during Diwali?
Answer: More than 150 people reached hospitals with eye and burn injuries.
Q3. How many people lost the vision in one eye?
Answer: Four people, including three children, lost the vision in one eye.
Q4. Which hospitals treated the injured people?
Answer: The Advanced Eye Centre of PGI, Government Multi-Speciality Hospital and Government Medical College and Hospital treated the injured people.

Q5. What programmes did schools organise to create awareness?
Answer: Schools organised rallies and programmes to make children aware of the dangers of firecrackers and air pollution.

Q6. By how much did the number of injured people increase compared with the previous year?
Answer: The number of injured people increased by 50% compared with the previous year.

Q7. Who was Madhu Vanshi?
Answer: Madhu Vanshi was an eight-year-old student of Government High School, Sector 24.

Q10. What does the lesson teach us?
Answer: The lesson teaches us to celebrate Diwali safely and avoid dangerous firecrackers.

Visual notes for the chapter Kings and Kingdoms

Visual explanation for the chapter, Kings and Kingdoms

Easy visual answers for the chapter Civilising the ‘Native’, Educating the Nation.

The Land of Dense Forests (The Democratic Republic of Congo) Class 5, solved exercises

A. Multiple choice questions (MCQs)
1. It passes through the northern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo:
Answer: (c) Equator
2. River Zaire is also known as the river:
Answer: (d) Congo
3. Which of the following is the main food crops of Congo?
Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b) (Banana and Cassava)
4. It is used in the fabrication of electronic components in computers and mobile phones:
Answer: (c) Tantalum

B. Very short answer type questions
1. Name the countries lies in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Answer: Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania.

2. What is the capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo?
Answer: Kinshasa.

3. Which term is used for the thick grasslands of Africa continents?
Answer: Savannah.

4. Name any two national parks of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Answer: Garumba National Park and Virunga National Park (or Kahuzi-Biega / Salonga National Park).

5. Name the tribes of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Answer: Bantu and Pygmies.

C. Short answer type questions
1. Give a short account on the wildlife of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Answer: The rainforests contain high biodiversity with rare species like common chimpanzees, bonobos (Pygmy chimpanzees), mountain gorillas, okapis, and white rhinos. Five of its national parks are listed as World Heritage Sites.

2. What do you know about the industries and transport of the Democratic Republic of Congo?
Answer:
Industries: Rich in minerals like cobalt, copper, industrial diamonds, tantalum, gold, uranium, and silver. Dams built on rivers produce hydro-electricity.
Transport: Ground transport is difficult due to dense terrain. Water transport through rivers is the main and dominant mode of transport.

3. What are the significances of the river Zaire?
Answer: It is the second-largest river in Africa and is known as the “Highway of Central Africa”. It provides major water transport and hydro-electric power for the country.

4. What is the life style of Pygmies?
Answer: Pygmies live in the northern part, are short in height, and live a nomadic lifestyle in small huts. They are skilled hunters, fond of honey, and live in forest areas.

5. Christianity is followed by about 80% of the population of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Explain the statement. Give reason to support your answer.
Answer: Christianity is the majority religion in the country, with about 80% of the population practicing it. With about 30 million members, the Roman Catholic Church in the DRC is one of the largest Christian denominations in Africa.

D. Fill in the blanks
1. Zambia is located towards the south of Congo.
2. The Capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo is Kinshasa.
3. Matadi is the main port of the country.
4. The Pygmies live in the Northern part of country.
5. River Zaire (Congo River) is the main river in the Congo region.

E. Correctly match List I with List II

List IList II
(i) Kinshasa(c) capital of the Congo
(ii) Matadi(d) important port
(iii) Cassava(a) main food crop
(iv) Pygmies(e) primitive tribe
(v) Bantu((b) language of the Congolese

Role of the Government in Health,(Social and Political Life) class – 7, solved exercises

I. Objective Type Questions
A. Choose the correct answer
1. Which one of the following factors refers to our ability to remain free of illness, injuries and all other factors that affect our physical and mental well-being?
Answer: (a) Health
2. India is the ______ largest producer of medicine.
Answer: (c) Third
3. In India, which of the following is responsible for planning, implementing schemes to improve public health in a state?
Answer: (c) The State Government
4. The Kerala government gave ______ of the entire state budget to the panchayats.
Answer: (c) 40%
5. Costa Rica is in ______
Answer: (b) South America

B. Match Column A with Column B
1. Dengue \rightarrow (ii) Communicable disease
2. Public Health Services \rightarrow (i) Non-profit motive
3. Primary Health Centres \rightarrow (v) The cornerstone of rural healthcare system
4. Cholera \rightarrow (ii) Communicable disease
5. Private Health Services \rightarrow (iv) Profit motive
Correct Option: (b) 1.-(iii), 2.-(i), 3.-(v), 4.-(ii), 5.-(iv)

C. State True or False
1. A pollution free environment makes people healthy. True
2. The mental status of a person is not related to health. False
3. In India, healthcare facilities have improved over the years. True
4. Medical tourism is an emerging industry in India. True
5. Private hospitals charge normal fee from patients. False

II. Short Answer Type Questions
1. Discuss about healthcare in India.

Answer:
Healthcare in India is divided into public and private services. India has a large network of medical colleges, doctors, and hospitals, making it the 3rd largest producer of medicines. However, good healthcare services are mostly in cities, leaving rural areas with poor facilities.

2. What are the various ways through which the government can take steps to provide healthcare for all?

Answer:
(i) Increasing the budget for healthcare.
Providing clean drinking water, proper sanitation, and nutritious food.
(ii) Setting up more Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and public hospitals in rural areas.

3. What is the condition of private health services in India?

Answer:
Private health services are expanding rapidly, especially in urban areas. They offer modern treatment and advanced tools, but they are very expensive and aim mainly at earning profit. As a result, poor people often cannot afford them.

4. How were the facilities in villages of Kerala affected after 1996?

Answer:
In 1996, Kerala gave 40% of its state budget to village panchayats. Panchayats used this money to plan for proper water supply, health centres, food distribution, schools, and women’s development, which greatly improved living conditions in villages.

III. Long Answer Type Questions
1. “Improvement in drinking water and sanitation can control many communicable diseases.” Explain with examples.

Answer:
Many diseases like cholera, diarrhoea, jaundice, and dysentery spread through contaminated water and unclean surroundings. Mosquitoes breeding in dirty water lead to diseases like malaria and dengue. Providing clean drinking water and proper sanitation prevents these germs and mosquitoes from spreading, directly reducing the occurrence of such diseases.

2. What are the positive aspects of healthcare in India? Explain.

Answer:
Large workforce: India has a huge number of doctors and trained medical professionals.
Medical Colleges: Around 15,000 new doctors graduate every year.
Growth of Hospitals: The number of hospitals grew from 2,717 in 1950 to over 23,500 in 2019.
Medical Tourism: Thousands of foreigners visit top Indian hospitals for high-quality, affordable treatments.
Medicine Production: India is the 3rd largest producer and a top exporter of medicines globally.

3. What is the paradoxical situation regarding healthcare in India? Explain with the help of examples.

Answer:
A paradoxical situation means having good healthcare abilities on paper, but poor real-world results. Although India has world-class doctors, modern technology, and high medicine production, many citizens still lack basic healthcare.
Examples:
Doctors prefer settling in urban areas, leaving rural patients to travel long distances for care.
Lakhs of people die every year from easily preventable illnesses like diarrhoea and tuberculosis due to a lack of clean water and timely treatment.

The Story – teller, English, class 4, solved exercises

A. Multiple-Choice Questions
1. The word ‘sultry’ means
Answer: (b) very hot and uncomfortable

2. The word that means ‘unwillingly’ is
Answer: (b) reluctantly

3. When Cyril looked out of the window he saw
Answer: (a) a flock of sheep

4. The aunt told the children a story about
Answer: (d) a little girl

5. The aunt was very sure that the bachelor’s story would have an improper ending so she
Answer: (d) interrupted him and completed the story.

B. Answer the following
1. How did the children find the story told by the aunt?
Answer: The children found the aunt’s story boring, uninteresting, and “stupid.”

2. What type of the story the bachelor told the children?
Answer: The bachelor told an interesting story about a extraordinarily good girl named Bertha, but with a twist where her goodness led to an unexpected ending.

3. Why did not there were any sheep in the park?
Answer: Because the Prince’s mother had a dream that her son would be killed either by a sheep or by a clock falling on him, so the Prince kept no sheep in his park.

4. How was Bertha saved?
Answer: According to the aunt’s interruption, Bertha was saved when the prince shot the wolf with his bow and arrow.

5. Why did the bachelor thank the aunt?
Answer: He thanked her for interrupting and giving the story a happy ending instead of an improper one.

Eighteenth – Century Political Formations , chapter – 8, class- 7,(History) solved exercises

I. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
A. Choose the correct answer:
1. Which one of the following refers to the Later Mughals?
Answer: (b) The successors to the Mughal Empire
2. Who among the following was a member of the Great Mughals?
Answer: (c) Jahangir
3. Which of the following was/were the cause/causes for the decline of the Mughal Empire?
Answer: (d) All of these
4. Aurangzeb fought a long war in
Answer: (d) deccan
5. Umara and Jagirdars constituted powerful sections of the Mughal
Answer: (c) nobility
6. Sa’adat Khan was given charge of the Awadh Subedari in
Answer: (a) AD 1722
7. The founder of the Awadh nawabi was
Answer: (b) Sa’adat Khan
8. Nadir Shah invaded
Answer: (b) Delhi
9. Sawai Raja Jai Singh was the ruler of
Answer: (c) Amber

B. Mark the option that matches Column A with Column B:
Matches:
1. Gokul \rightarrow (iv) Jat Leader
2. Maharaja Ranjit Singh \rightarrow (v) Sikh state in Punjab
3. Bahadur Shah \rightarrow (ii) Later Mughal
4. Maharaja Jaswant Singh \rightarrow (i) Rajput Leader
5. Sa’adat Khan \rightarrow (iii) Nawab of Awadh
Correct Option: (b) 1.-(iv), 2.-(v), 3.-(ii), 4.-(i), 5.-(iii)

C. Fill in the blanks:
1. Bahadur Shah Jafar-II was the last Mughal Emperor of India.
2. Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded North India five times.
3. The states of Hyderabad and Awadh were founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah and Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa’adat Khan.
4. Balaji Vishwanath was the first Peshwa.
5. The Jats built a garden palace fort at Dig.

D. State True or False:
1. The later Mughal Emperors successfully suppressed the revolt of the nobles. — False
2. The capital of Awadh was Prayagraj. — False (Its capital was Faizabad).
3. Murshid Quli Khan transferred all Mughal jagirdars to Orissa. — True
4. Sawai Raja Jai Singh was the governor of Malwa. — True
5. The Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan executed Guru Arjan Dev Ji. — False (Guru Arjan Dev Ji was executed by Emperor Jahangir).

II. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. What do you mean by the Later Mughals? Name any two Later Mughals and their periods of reign.
Answer: The Mughal rulers who succeeded Emperor Aurangzeb after his death in AD 1707 are called the Later Mughals.
Two Later Mughals & Their Reigns:
Bahadur Shah-I (AD 1707–1712)
Muhammad Shah (AD 1719–1748)

2. Name the offices held by Sa’adat Khan.
Answer: Sa’adat Khan held the offices of subedari (political administration), diwani (financial management), and faujdari (military administration) of Awadh.

3. Analyse the importance of merchants and bankers in the 18th century AD.
Answer: In the 18th century, regional rulers relied on money lenders and bankers to pay revenue in cash. Bankers lent money to revenue farmers (ijaradars) and held land as security. Prominent banking houses like Jagat Seths in Bengal became extremely influential and gained strong stakes in the new political setup.

4. Who was Chhatrapati Shivaji? Who ruled on behalf of the Marathas in the 18th century AD?
Answer: Chhatrapati Shivaji was the founder of the Maratha kingdom who carved out a powerful state using guerrilla warfare tactics. In the 18th century AD, the Peshwas (Prime Ministers)—starting with Balaji Vishwanath—ruled on behalf of the Marathas.

III. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Discuss the main causes for the decline of the Mughal Empire.
Answer:
Aurangzeb’s Intolerant Policies: Alienated groups like Rajputs, Sikhs, and Marathas, triggering widespread revolts.
Deccan Wars: Prolonged conflicts in the South drained the imperial treasury and weakened the army.
Weak Successors: Later Mughal rulers were incompetent and unable to keep checks on local governors and mansabdars.
Rivalry Among Nobles: Factual feuds between Irani and Turani factions destabilized the administration.
Foreign Invasions: Massive raids by Nadir Shah (1739) and Ahmad Shah Abdali shattered the central authority and economy.

2. Analyse the policies adopted by Asaf Jah to strengthen his position.
Answer:
He brought skilled soldiers and administrators from northern India who welcomed opportunities in the South.He appointed mansabdars and granted them jagirs independently without consulting Delhi.
He functioned as an independent ruler, though officially maintaining symbolic allegiance to the Mughal emperor.

3. The Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal tried to do away with the Jagirdari system. Give reasons.
Answer:
They wanted to reduce Mughal influence in their regions by curbing the power and corruption of imperial jagirdars.
They aimed to gain direct, centralized control over state revenue collections.
They introduced the Ijaradari (revenue-farming) system to ensure fixed, regular revenue payments directly into the state treasury.

4. How were the Sikhs organised in the 18th century AD?
Answer:
In the 18th century, Sikhs organized themselves into small military bands called Jathas, which later grew into larger groups known as Misls.
Their grand combined army was called the Dal Khalsa.
They met at Amritsar during Baisakhi and Diwali to make collective decisions known as Gurmatas.
They introduced the Rakhi system, offering security to cultivators in return for a 20% tax on agricultural produce.

5. The Marathas wanted to expand beyond the Deccan. Give reasons.
Answer:
To establish Maratha supremacy and gain recognition as the overlords of the entire Indian peninsula.
To secure new sources of revenue by levying taxes like Chauth and Sardeshmukhi on rich agricultural regions like Malwa and Gujarat.
To control lucrative trade routes running through central and northern India.

Judiciary, Social and Political Life, chapter – 4, solved exercises

I. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

A. Choose the correct answer:
1. Which one of the following is the highest judicial authority in India?
Answer: (a) The Supreme Court

2. Which one of the following refers to the fact that laws apply equally to all persons?
Answer: (c) The Rule of Law

3. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and not more than:
Answer: (a) 33 other judges

4. The Supreme Court has got Appellate Jurisdiction in:
Answer: (d) all of these (Constitutional, Criminal, and Civil cases)

5. At present, how many High Courts are there in our Country?
Answer: (d) 25

B. State True or False:
1. To reduce time and expenditure, the Lok Adalats have been started.
Answer: True

2. Under the Legal Aid Scheme, any person can take free legal services.
Answer: False (Note: Free legal aid is specifically for weaker sections like SC/ST, women, children, and poor people, not literally everyone).

3. The High Court is the highest court of justice in a state.
Answer: True

4. The Criminal cases cannot be heard by Magistrates.
Answer: False (Magistrates can hear criminal cases).

5. The President can remove a judge only on grounds of mental infirmity or misbehaviour.
Answer: False (Once appointed, it is extremely difficult to remove a judge, requiring a special constitutional procedure/impeachment).

II. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. List the structure of Indian judiciary.
Answer: The Indian judiciary has a pyramid-like three-tier structure:
Supreme Court (Highest court at the national level)
High Courts (Highest courts at the state level)
Subordinate/District Courts (Courts at the district/local level)

2. Why do we need Lok Adalats?
Answer: We need Lok Adalats to solve dispute cases speedily and without spending much money.

3. Describe the main features of the criminal law cases.
Answer: Deals with crimes against society (e.g., theft, robbery, harassment, murder).
Begins by filing an FIR (First Information Report) with the police.
The police investigate the crime, after which the case goes to court.
If found guilty, the accused can be sent to jail or fined.

4. What are the main features of civil law?

Answer: The main features of civil law:
(i) Deals with harm to individual rights (e.g., land disputes, rent issues, divorce).
(ii) A petition is filed directly in court by the affected person.
(iii) The court provides specific solutions (e.g., asking a tenant to pay rent or vacate).

5. In your opinion, what are the two advantages of Public Interest Litigation (PIL)?
Answer: (i) Easy access to justice: Anyone can file a case on behalf of those whose rights are violated.
(ii) Simple procedure: A simple letter or postcard addressed to the High Court or Supreme Court can be accepted as a PIL.

III. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Write a short note on the jurisdictions of the Supreme Court.

Answer:
Original Jurisdiction: The power to directly hear cases for the first time. This includes disputes between the Centre and States, or cases involving Fundamental Rights.
Appellate Jurisdiction: The power to hear appeals against decisions made by lower courts/High Courts in constitutional, civil, and criminal matters.

2. Discuss the composition of High Courts in India.

Answer:

(a) The composition of High Courts in India are:
A High Court consists of a Chief Justice and other judges.
(b) The number of judges is decided by the President based on the population and area of the state.
(c) The President appoints judges after consulting the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the state.

3. What are the functions of the judiciary?

Answer: Functions of the judiciary:
(i) Resolving Disputes: Solves issues between citizens, governments, or states.
(ii) Judicial Review: Can cancel any law made by Parliament if it violates the Constitution.
(iii) Upholding Laws and Rights: Ensures citizens enjoy their Fundamental Rights.

4. Discuss the accessibility of people to the courts in India.
Answer: In theory, all citizens can access courts.
However, for poor people, courts are often difficult to reach due to high costs, long procedures, and paperwork.
To improve access, mechanisms like PIL (Public Interest Litigation) and Free Legal Aid have been introduced.

5. Why do you think the introduction of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a significant step in ensuring access to justice for all?
Answer: PIL allowed poor and uneducated people—who cannot afford court fees or complex legal processes—to get justice.
Any public-spirited person or group can fight a case on their behalf, making justice reachable for millions.

IV. PICTURE STUDY
1. Where is the Supreme Court located in India?
Answer: New Delhi

2. How does the Supreme Court serve as a ‘Court of Record’?
Answer: All judgments and decisions of the Supreme Court are printed and kept as permanent records. Lower courts follow these decisions as laws.

3. What is the Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
Answer: It means the Supreme Court has the power to hear appeals against judgments given by lower courts or High Courts.